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Cellular Respiration
Campbell Chapter 9
Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site
http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm
& Dr. Chuck Downing
http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx
http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
___________ use energy from
sunlight or chemicals to make
their own food
In the last chapter green plants
used ________________
trap energy from __________
and make ______________
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
In this chapter, we will learn how
this glucose is ____________ by
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
What kind of organisms do this?
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
All organisms burn glucose for fuel
plants
fungi
Animals
(Including humans)
bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
___________ + _________ + ___________
→_______________ + __________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg
REMEMBER: ______________
OXIDATION
Is Loss of electrons
Remove H
Releases energy
Exergonic
REDUCTION
Is Gain of electrons
Add H
Stores energy
Endergonic
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
happens __________
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
____________________!
See why cells
use cellular respiration
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
• Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and
captured as ATP
• Electron route:
food → NADH → ETC → oxygen
MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane
(called _______________ )
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH
The first step in cellular respiration
= _______________
Also called
_________________________________
• happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
• occurs _________________________
See glycolysis movie
• Details of
glycolysis
Steps 1 – 3 A fuel
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Glucose
Step
PREPARATORY
PHASE
(energy investment)
1
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step 4 A six-carbon
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon
intermediates.
4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
5
Step 5 A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
6
Steps 6 – 9 ATP
and pyruvic acid
are produced.
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
7
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
Requires ____________to get it started.
____________________________________
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add MITOCHONDRION
aP
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
Cellular respiration
•Glycolysis:
cytosol;
glucose → pyruvate
•Kreb’s Cycle:
•mitochondrial matrix;
•pyruvate → CO2
•NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae;
NADH & FADH2 donate
electrons → oxygen
Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion
and Acetyl CoA produced
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Kreb’s Cycle =
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
Kreb’s Cycle
• Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s
from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid
• CoA recycles
• 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For each pyruvate that enters:
2 CO2 released
3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;
1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
Electron transport chain
NADH
More on Making ATP
FADH2
• 3 places in the
chain make ATP
• Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they
generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which
start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.
Electron transport chain
• ETC includes
Cytochromes
Ubiquinone (Q)
• NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC
• Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+
ions in __________________
• ________________: harnesses the flow of H+
back into the matrix make ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
• ________ is final electron acceptor → ________
Cellular Respiration Grand Total
• Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:
2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP
2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP
6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
(-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP
WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
• alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
• lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____
→__________ + ______ + _____
• Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
• CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
• Alcohol evaporates during cooking
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____
→__________ + ______ + _____
Used to make
alcoholic beverages
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____
→______________ +
________
Happens in muscles during exercise
when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____
→______________ +
________
Happens when bacteria are
used to make foods and
beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg
http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
___________ and all the
_______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
CO2 + _____
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
LACTIC ACID
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
__________________________
= organisms that can make ATP using
either fermentation or cellular respiration
Ex: yeast and many bacteria
With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle
Without oxygen → fermentation
Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
__________________=
breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much
ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
Evolutionary Significance
• Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient
prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before
oxygen was present
• Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large
amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago
• Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound
organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells
since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes
(Endosymbiotic theory)
VOCAB OVERLOAD ?
__________________________
= Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions
Mitochondria do it
to make ATP
following ETC
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Prokaryotes create
gradient across cell
membrane to make ATP
to pump nutrients & waste
and move flagella
_________________________
= Using hydrogen gradient generated by
thylakoid membrane during the light
reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP
CHLOROPLAST
_________________________________
= using proton gradient created by electron
transport chain in cristae membrane to
make ATP
MITOCHONDRION
______________________________________
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add MITOCHONDRION
aP
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient