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DNA, RNA And Protein Synthesis Function of DNA Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Structure of DNA must allow the storage and transmission of genetic information. DNA spills from E. coli cell. Function of DNA Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Genetic information must tell cell(s) how to make proteins. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm but DNA remains in nucleus Functions of DNA Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Proteins form structures and control chemistry of cell. Ribosomes embedded in the E.R. construct proteins Functions of DNA Structure of DNA must allow exact replication to occur. Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Why Understanding DNA is Important to You. DISCOVERY OF DNA – GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENT • Called transformation. • Used mice and pneumonia. – Rough (non-virulent) – Smooth (virulent) Griffith’s Experiment Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Avery Determines DNA To Be Hereditary Molecule • Avery, McCloud, and McCarty – Used process of elimination. – Determined DNA was heredity material. Modern Biology Pages 193 - 195 Important People in DNA Science Modern Biology Pages 184 - 187 • Rosalind Franklin of Cal Tech in Los Angeles took pictures using X-Rays in the 1930’s Was never given due credit for her contribution to DNA Science Important People in DNA Science Modern Biology Pages 184 - 187 • James Watson & Francis Crick discovered structure of DNA in 1953. James Watson Left & Francis Crick right: Nobel prize for DNA structure DNA Structure Modern Biology Pages 184 - 187 – DNA is a polymer. – The monomer of DNA is called a nucleotide. deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleotide Structure Modern Biology Pages 184 - 187 • One 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose. – “Deoxy” = one less oxygen. – “ribo” = than ribose. • Deoxyribonucleic acid – “nucleic” = found in nucleus. – “acid” = acidic Deoxyribose, a pentose sugar, has each carbon numbered. Nucleotide Structure Modern Biology Pages 184 - 187 Phosphate group attached to the #5 carbon of the sugar. The phosphoric acid is negative and so makes the DNA molecule negative. The deoxyribose has a nitorgenous base and a phoshate attached to it. Nucleotide Structure Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 One nitrogenous base attached to the #1 carbon in the sugar.. –Adenine (Purine) –Guanine (Purine) –Cytosine (Pyrimidine) –Thymine (Pyrimidine) Four bases of DNA DNA Structure • DNA molecule has shape of a double helix. • The sides are anti-parallel. Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 DNA Structure Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 • Nucleotides linked together form the sides of the DNA molecule. • Phosphodiester bond links phosphates and deoxyribose Each phosphate is linked to two sugar molecules. DNA Structure Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Complementary base pairing rules – Nitrogenous bases form “steps” or rungs of the helix. • Adenine (2 rings) is bonded with Thymine (1 ring) using 2 hydrogen bonds. • Guanine (2 rings) is bonded with Cytosine (1 ring) using 3 hydrogen bonds. CENTRAL DOGMA OF DNA DNA mRNA Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Protein 1) DNA must send a message to ribosomes as to how a protein is to be produced. 2) DNA must replicate itself exactly prior to each cell division. Replication of DNA • Replication must: – Occur prior to every cell division. – Occur during “S” phase of interphase. – Result in two identical copies of the DNA molecule. Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Replication of DNA • DNA replication is semiconservative – Each new molecule is composed of one old and one new strand. Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Replication Process • Replication fork is where double helix is split apart. • Double helix is split apart by enzyme called DNA Helicase. Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Replication Process • Role of DNA polymerase. – Constructs a new strand of DNA • One side is continuous • One side is discontinuous • Complementary nature of bases allows replication to occur properly. • Replication occurs at many sites at same time. Modern Biology Pages 187 - 189 Modern Biology Replication Process Pages 187 - 189 •Mistakes and repair processes. –Xeroderma Pigmentosa –Lacks proper enzyme to repair DNA damage due to sunlight. •Multiple carcinomas develop due to exposure to uV light RNA Modern Biology Pages 190 - 194 •Structure of RNA. –Ribose instead of deoxyribose. –Uracil instead of thymine. –Single helix instead of double. •Three types of RNA. –mRNA –tRNA –rRNA RNA is made from DNA TRANSCRIPTION Modern Biology Pages 190 - 194 • Making mRNA as a messenger. – Process referred to as transcription. – Purpose is to copy the message for a protein from the DNA molecule. Making mRNA TRANSCRIPTION Modern Biology Pages 190 - 194 • Transcription – DNA untwists and unzips in area of molecule where the message for a certain protein is held. – Role of RNA polymerase. – Role of promoter. – Role of termination signal. Making mRNA TRANSCRIPTION – The product of transcription is mRNA, tRNA,and rRNA. – Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell. Modern Biology Pages 190 - 194 Translation Modern Biology Pages 190 - 194 • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. • Amino acids are assembled polypeptides. (Proteins) • Ribosomes assemble polypeptides based on instructions held in the DNA molecule. mRNA leaving the nucleus Translation Wednesday 1/8/03 Pages 194 - 198 • Protein structure – Composed of building blocks called amino acids. • 20 different types of amino acids. • Sequence and length of amino acid chain determines the characteristics of the protein. Ribosomes attach to the mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm. Genetic code Wednesday 1/8/03 Pages 194 - 198 • The Genetic Code • Each 3 nucleotides on mRNA is a codon. – Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. – 64 possible codons. – 1 start codons – 3 stop codons – 60 different codons code for 20 different types of amino acids. mRNA codon list Wednesday 1/8/03 Pages 194 - 198 Translation Wednesday 1/8/03 Pages 194 - 198 • The ribosome binds to the mRNA. • tRNA (with anticodon) brings proper amino acid to ribosome. (met tRNA) • Ribosome moves to next three bases (codon). • Another tRNA brings proper AA to ribosome. • Protein is assembled. • Stop codon signals end of protein. tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome.