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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION: DNA m RNA TRANSLATION: m RNA Protein Summary of Events in Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION Transcription: A Deep look A. RNA is made from the DNA nucleotide sequence during transcription. 1. __________________attaches to the beginning of one gene or a group of genes, called the ___________, on the DNA molecule. 2. DNA separates at the______________________ 3. half the DNA serves as a template to make RNA from nucleotides a. base sequence in DNA determines the base sequence in the RNA molecule 4. transcription ends at the ________________________________ ______on the DNA molecule a. indicates the end of a ___________or a group of genes 5. m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA may be made Transcription http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcript ion.htm http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flash animat/molgenetics/transcription.swf FIND MORE WEBSITES… TRANSLATION Translation- in ribosomes _________makes proteins with the help of _____________. The ___________on the mRNA dictate the amino acids that the tRNA brings to the ribosome. The ________________ on the tRNA hooks up with the CODON and the a.a. is brought to the appropriate location. Translation starts at the start codon (AUG) and ends at the stop codon (UGA, UAG, UAA) Chain of amino acid= protein B. B. How is the sequence of amino acids determined in translation? 1.codon (3-base sequence on m-RNA) a. 64 codons- code for amino acids 2. start codon (AUG) starts translation a. it codes for the methionine 3. codons on m-RNA pair with anticodons on t-RNA 4. stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation Codon Chart Start and Stop Codons on RNA Stop Codon Animation Peptide Bond Formation PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMARY Transcription - DNA makes RNA Translation – t-RNA anticodons line up with m-RNA codons at the ribosome peptide bonds connect amino acids in dehydration synthesis the GENETIC CODE is the correlation between DNA base sequence and amino acid sequence in a polypeptide TRANSLATION Work on the building of Protein at the following website http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/ http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates /student_resources/shared_resources/animations/ protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/SD.T ransTrans.HP.html http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transc ribe/ http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synt hesis.htm (w the ribosome subunits) http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/stu dent_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_ synthesis/protein_synthesis.html http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ ( actual do it yourself protein) http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Benja1dw/BIO101/tool s/quiz/dnarna.htm GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA THAT CODE FOR A CHARACTERISTIC, LIKE DIMPLES. REALLY ITS _______________________________I N THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTIC. BUT SOMETIMES PROBLEMS ARISE…. Mutations A. Location of Mutations 1. _____________(body cell) 2. _________cell (cells that form sperm and egg cells) B. Causes 1. radiation a. x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma radiation, u.v. light 2. chemicals (mutagens) 3. DNA sequence changes in replication C. Effects of Mutations 1.__________(deadly) 2. may be beneficial 3. no effect Point Mutation change in one nucleotide …or change in a base (A,T,C,G) in the DNA molecule Types of mutations – a. ___________ – one base is substituted for another b. _____________– an extra base is added c. __________ or deletion of a base Point Mutation: Substitution of One Base BIGGER PROBLEMS… WHEN ONE OR TWO BASES ARE ADDED/DELETED, EVEN BIGGER PROBLEMS ARISE BECAUSE DNA IS “READ” IN________________SEQUENCES. TRANSLATION? EVERY 3 DNA BASES CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID (REMEMBER THE BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTIENS) AND YOU KNOW THAT PROTEINS ARE EVERYWHERE IN OUR BODIES! TO UNDERSTAND WHY, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW PROTEINS ARE FORMED. When things go wrong… Frameshift – results when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three 1. addition or deletion can result in a _______________ 2. results in a completely different sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain Frameshift Frameshift- Insertion CELL CYCLE CONTROL BY PROTEINS What happens when the cell cycle proteins are the ones being mutated? Loss of Control of the Cell Cycle if checkpoints are not working properly, the cell cycle can cause the cell to grow uncontrollably leads to _________ http://outreach. mcb.harvard.e du/animations _S03.htm Other Chromosome Mutations…….. 1. Deletion – piece of chromosome is deleted or _____________ – piece of a chromosome is duplicated 2. Inversion – segment of a chromosome is inverted Chromosome Mutation - Duplication Chromosome Mutations Deletion and Duplication 3. Translocation – pieces of non homologous chromosomes are exchanged Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells