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DNA to Proteins 3-4 • The sequence of nitrogen bases found in the DNA are responsible for determining what type of protein will be created by the cell. • Proteins are small molecules that basically control our bodies. What is RNA • RNA is similar to DNA with a couple of changes: – RNA is single stranded – Instead of using the nitrogen base thymine RNA uses uracil. Types of RNA • mRNA – messenger RNA carries the coded message found in the DNA out into the cytoplasm of the cell where the proteins will be made • tRNA – transfer RNA carries amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, to the be used to build the protein Types of RNA • rRNA – a small strand of RNA that makes up part of a ribosome. Gene to Protein Steps to Protein Creation • Transcription – making a strand of mRNA from a segment of DNA and then the mRNA leaves the nucleus of travels to the cytoplasm of the cell • Translation – uses the strand of mRNA as a template to piece together amino acids to form the protein Transcription • Transcription – the DNA strand is unzipped to allow a strand of mRNA to be created from its exposed nitrogen bases • The new strand of mRNA are made by matching new nitrogen bases with the exposed nitrogen bases from the unzipped strand of DNA. • Once the mRNA is made and processed in the nucleus, it will leave the nucleus through small openings in the nuclear membrane called pores. • Once in the cytoplasm, the process of translation will begin. What are proteins made of? • Proteins are made of smaller building blocks called amino acids. • The amino acids are pieced together to form a very long chain that then folds over to create a very specific shaped structure we call a protein. • Each type or protein has a specific job based on its shape. The mRNA consists of the nitrogen bases A,U,C,G arranged in a specific order. • Proteins consist of chains of the 20 amino acids arranged in a specific order. • So what is the link between the two? Codons • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in a row which code for a certain amino acid. • Each codon codes for one or more amino acids. • Start Codon – tells where the translation will begin , it will always be AUG • Stop Codon – one of three specific codons indicating where translation will stop; UAA, UAG, UGA Translation • Once the mRNA has left the nucleus, the process of translation is ready to begin. • In translation, amino acids are arranged in order according to the sequence of codons located on the mRNA. • This sequence of amino acids will determine the shape of the final protein. tRNA • This is the molecule that will carry a specific amino acid to the ribosome to be attached to the chain of amino acids called a polypeptide chain (pre-protein). • The tRNA is similar in structure to mRNA in that it has nitrogen bases. • Anticodon – a series of three nitrogen bases at one end of the tRNA used to match with the mRNA codons Ribosomes • Ribosome play an important role in translation. • They are the location where the mRNA and tRNA come together to join the amino acids to from the protein.