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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 9 Metabolism Tell which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in this reaction Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced Krebs cycle is also called the Citric acid ______________ cycle Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy How many carbons are in pyruvic acid? 3 Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons from acetyl CoA Citric acid (citrate) What happens to Coenzyme A after acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons to the Krebs cycle? Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons from pyruvate Which pathway generates the most energy from glucose? FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration Where does glycolysis take place? cytoplasm ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: E Outer membrane A = ______________ Intermembrane space B = ______________ inner membrane C = ______________ D = ________________ matrix cytoplasm E = ________________ (cristae) Give the chemical equation for Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ After glycolysis, which pathway will pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present? It will enter the Krebs cycle Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis #1 = _____________ Krebs cycle #2 = _____________ Electron transport chain #3 = _____________ ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall True or False Only animal cells have mitochondria False; both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6 Give the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ How many ATP’s are required to get glycolysis started? 2 ATP After glycolysis, what determines which pathway pyruvic acid will follow? Presence or absence of oxygen Name the two kinds of fermentation Lactic acid and alcoholic What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis? Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Beta oxidation During ______________ fats can be broken down into 2 carbon units that enter the Krebs cycle to be burned for energy instead of glucose. How is pyruvate different from pyruvic acid? Both are forms of same molecule Pyruvate is pyruvic acid that has lost an H. ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: D Where Krebs cycle happens = ___ Where is the Electron Transport Chain C found = ___ H+ ions accumulate here B during electron transport = ___ Place where glycolysis happens= ___ E Which electron carrier produces the most ATP… NADH or FADH2? Each NADH makes 3 ATP Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP WHY? NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP Name the 3 carbon molecule produced during glycolysis Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Type of fermentation used to make yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi, buttermilk, etc. Lactic acid Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of fermentation produces Lactic acid _____________ The energy produced by electrons passing down the Electron Transport chain are used to pump which ion into the intermembrane space? H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle? Citric acid is the first compound formed during the Krebs cycle Name this molecule Adenosine triphosphate http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Which kind of fermentation puts the air holes in bread? Alcoholic fermentation releases CO2 bubbles which pop and leave holes in the bread What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain during cellular respiration? oxygen If alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise, why don’t we get intoxicated from eating the bread? Alcohol evaporates during cooking During short term exercise muscle cells are using which pathway to provide energy? Lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration lactic acid fermentation What happens to the CO2 produced when pyruvic acid is broken down? It is released into the atmosphere What is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing the Krebs cycle? 4 NADH 1 ATP __ __ 1 FADH __ __ 6 CO2 2 The generation of ATP from a proton gradient that occurs in all living things is chemiosmosis called _________________ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html Organisms that can use either fermentation or cellular respiration are called ________________ Facultative anaerobes Where are cytochromes found? Part of electron transport chain How do prokaryotes do cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria? ETC proteins are in plasma membrane; infolding to make pockets creates places to make H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway; High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not needed) Using a proton gradient created by electron transport chain to make ATP OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = __________________________ MITOCHONDRION Using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient SUBSTRATE LEVEL = __________________ PHOSPHORYLATION Glycolysis is also called the ____________________ Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway pathway. The enzyme cofactor that is part of B Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __ CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks __________ down hydrogen peroxide. When you did this lab, what was the purpose of adding sulfuric acid? Acid denatures the catalase enzyme and stops the reaction Name the cell part that contains catalase to break down peroxide. peroxisome When hydrogen peroxide is broken down, what gas is produced? oxygen Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Alcohol (Ethyl) Name this molecule http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Name this molecule http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Name this molecule http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)