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http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg Cellular Respiration Campbell Chapter 9 Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm & Dr. Chuck Downing http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS used ________________ sunlight trap energy from __________ food (glucose) and make ______________ http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif In this chapter we will learn how HETEROTROPHS ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. GLUCOSE We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm In this chapter, we will learn how this broken down glucose is ____________ by energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP What kind of organisms do this? ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel plants fungi Animals (Including humans) bacteria PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6___________ CO2 +6_________ H2O + ___________ C6H12O6 + __________ 6O2 →_______________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + _________ 6 CO2 + __________ 6 H2O + __________ 6O2 →________ _____________ The two equations are exact opposites! ______________________________________________________________ http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATION Is Loss of electrons Remove H Releases energy Exergonic REDUCTION Is Gain of electrons Add H Stores energy Endergonic OXIDATION Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms REDUCTION CELLULAR RESPIRATION slowly happens __________ many steps in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! light and heat http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES... http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon tent/animations/content/cellularrespi ration.html 10 MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) CRISTAE Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Space inside cristae folds = _________________ MATRIX 12 Text ATP Synthase inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential. 13 The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM • happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria with or without oxygen • occurs _________________________ See glycolysis movie http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html • Details of glycolysis Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. Glucose Step PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment) 1 Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Fructose-6-phosphate 3 Arraugh! Like, this is way hard! Step 4 A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. Step 5 A redox reaction generates NADH. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6 Steps 6– 9 ATP and pyruvic acid are produced. ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 7 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9 Pyruvic acid (2 molecules per glucose molecule) Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ sweet LYSIS= ___________ Split apart ) ENERGY Requires ____________to get it started. Glycolysis Pathway • Many enzymes involved – Regulated by an enzyme PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK) – Allosteric enzyme – AMP is allosteric activator; ATP is allosteric inhibitor – ADP AMP + P Substrate is a form of fructose (glucose isomer) 17 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond of a substrate (like glucose)MITOCHONDRION to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient. (glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation and NOT very efficient) LISTED ON LAST PAGE OF NOTES Evolutionary Significance • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm = no organelle needed = earliest prokaryotes could do • Can happen with or without oxygen = early Earth had no free oxygen available 19 WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Related metabolic processes Fermentation: • alcohol~ pyruvate →ethanol • lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ • Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise • CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread • Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Used to make alcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ___________ and all the NAD+ carriers get used _______ to make NADH. Eventually glycolysis will NAD+ PYRUVIC ACID +_____ _______ + CO NAD →ALCOHOL __________ + ______ 2 + _____ LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells REGENERATE the NAD+ can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Cellular respiration •Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate •Kreb’s Cycle: •mitochondrial matrix; •pyruvate → CO2 •NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS FAD → FADH2 NAD+ → NADH FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation PYRUVATE INTERMEDIATE STEP Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA is produced C For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin) Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation OAA CITRIC ACID OAA: oxaloacetate – don’t need to know!! 4-C molecule Kreb’s Cycle • Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid ---- CoA recycles • 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2 For 2 3 1 each pyruvate that enters: CO2 released NAD+ 3 NADH; FAD+ 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule **FOR EACH GLUCOSE, 2 turns of the KC happen! ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step • Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP • Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen • PRODUCES the most ATP!! http://vcell.ndsu.nod ak.edu/animations/et c/index.htm Electron transport chain Electron transport chain • ETC includes 3 transmembrane PROTON pumps and carriers in between pumps: Cytochromes & Ubiquinone (Q) • NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC • Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________ intermembrane space ATP synthase • ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) • Oxygen ________ H2 O is final electron acceptor → ________ **Oxygen is an electron hog.. So, they are attracted to it = helps pull electrons through the chain. ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........ • http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien t/index.htm 26 38 Why don't both electron carriers make the same amount of ATP? • Each NADH makes 3 ATP • Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP More on Making ATP • 3 places in the chain make ATP • Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step. CHEMIOSMOSIS – OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions (next chapter) Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html Cellular Respiration Grand Total of ATP • Glycolysis: →2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) WRITE! • Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel Beta oxidation= __________________= breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate VOCAB OVERLOAD ? CELL RESPIRATION SONGS! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk9 2uswY • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdz rd04 48 45