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Cellular Respiration
Campbell Chapter 9
Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site
http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm
& Dr. Chuck Downing
http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx
http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use energy from
sunlight or chemicals to make
their own food
In the last chapter green plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
used ________________
sunlight
trap energy from __________
food (glucose)
and make ______________
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif
In this chapter we will learn how
HETEROTROPHS
______________
get their energy by
consuming other
organisms.
GLUCOSE
We get our energy from the __________
plants made during _______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
when we eat plants or eat animals
that ate the plants.
http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
In this chapter, we will learn how this
broken down
glucose is ____________
by
energy
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
ATP
What kind of organisms do this?
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
All organisms burn glucose for fuel
plants
fungi
Animals
(Including humans)
bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6___________
CO2 +6_________
H2O
+ ___________
C6H12O6 + __________
6O2
→_______________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + _________
6 CO2 + __________
6 H2O + __________
6O2 →________
_____________
The two equations are exact opposites!
______________________________________________________________
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg
REMEMBER: OIL RIG
OXIDATION
Is Loss of electrons
Remove H
Releases energy
Exergonic
REDUCTION
Is Gain of electrons
Add H
Stores energy
Endergonic
OXIDATION
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
REDUCTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
slowly
happens __________
many steps
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
____________________!
light and heat
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED
OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES...
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon
tent/animations/content/cellularrespi
ration.html
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MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________
DOUBLE membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane
(called _______________ )
CRISTAE
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
= ____________________
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
MATRIX
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Text
ATP Synthase
inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a
force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential.
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The first step in cellular respiration
= _______________
GLYCOLYSIS
CYTOPLASM
• happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
with or without oxygen
• occurs _________________________
See glycolysis movie
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html
• Details of
glycolysis
Steps 1 – 3 A fuel
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Glucose
Step
PREPARATORY
PHASE
(energy investment)
1
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
Arraugh!
Like, this
is way
hard!
Step 4 A six-carbon
intermediate splits into two
three-carbon intermediates.
Step 5 A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
6
Steps 6– 9 ATP
and pyruvic acid
are produced.
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
5
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
7
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________
sweet LYSIS= ___________
Split apart )
ENERGY
Requires ____________to
get it started.
Glycolysis Pathway
• Many enzymes involved – Regulated by an
enzyme PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK)
– Allosteric enzyme – AMP is allosteric activator;
ATP is allosteric inhibitor
– ADP  AMP + P
Substrate is a form
of fructose (glucose isomer)
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SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond of a substrate
(like glucose)MITOCHONDRION
to add a P
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient.
(glycolysis is substrate-level
phosphorylation and NOT
very efficient)
LISTED ON
LAST PAGE
OF NOTES
Evolutionary Significance
• Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm = no
organelle needed = earliest prokaryotes
could do
• Can happen with or without oxygen = early
Earth had no free oxygen available
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WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
• alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
• lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL + ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
• Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
• CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
• Alcohol evaporates during cooking
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL+ ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Used to make
alcoholic beverages
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens in muscles during exercise
when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens when bacteria are
used to make foods and
beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg
http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
builds up
___________
and all the
NAD+ carriers get used
_______
to make NADH.
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
+
CO
NAD
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
2 + _____
LACTIC ACID
+
NAD
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
REGENERATE the NAD+
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Cellular respiration
•Glycolysis:
cytosol;
glucose → pyruvate
•Kreb’s Cycle:
•mitochondrial matrix;
•pyruvate → CO2
•NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae;
NADH & FADH2 donate
electrons → oxygen
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
__________________________
= organisms that can make ATP using
either fermentation or cellular respiration
Ex: yeast and many bacteria
With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle
Without oxygen → fermentation
PYRUVATE INTERMEDIATE STEP
Pyruvate is
transported into
mitochondrion
and Acetyl CoA
is produced
C
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Kreb’s Cycle =
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
OAA
CITRIC ACID
OAA: oxaloacetate – don’t
need to know!! 4-C
molecule
Kreb’s Cycle
• Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl
CoA to make Citric acid ---- CoA recycles
• 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For
2
3
1
each pyruvate that enters:
CO2 released
NAD+ 3 NADH;
FAD+ 1 FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
**FOR EACH
GLUCOSE, 2 turns
of the KC happen!
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
• Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and
captured as ATP
• Electron route:
food → NADH → ETC → oxygen
• PRODUCES the most ATP!!
http://vcell.ndsu.nod
ak.edu/animations/et
c/index.htm
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain
• ETC includes 3 transmembrane PROTON pumps and
carriers in between pumps: Cytochromes & Ubiquinone (Q)
• NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC
• Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in
__________________ intermembrane space
ATP synthase
• ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back
into the matrix make ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
•
Oxygen
________
H2 O
is final electron acceptor → ________
**Oxygen is an electron hog.. So, they are attracted to it = helps
pull electrons through the chain.
ATP Synthase: The machine
that keeps on turnin’........
• http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien
t/index.htm
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Why don't both
electron carriers
make the same
amount of ATP?
• Each NADH makes 3 ATP
• Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
More on Making ATP
• 3 places in the
chain make ATP
• Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they
generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which
start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.
CHEMIOSMOSIS – OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
= Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions (next chapter)
Mitochondria do it
to make ATP
following ETC
Prokaryotes create
gradient across cell
membrane to make ATP
to pump nutrients & waste
and move flagella
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Cellular Respiration Grand Total of ATP
• Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
WRITE!
• Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:
2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP
2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP
6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
(-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP
Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
Beta oxidation=
__________________=
breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much
ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
VOCAB OVERLOAD ?
CELL RESPIRATION SONGS!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk9
2uswY
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdz
rd04
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