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Transcript
CELLULAR RESPIRATION AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last section green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS to used ________________ sunlight trap energy from __________ and make ______________ food (glucose) In this chapter, we will learn how broken down by this glucose is ____________ energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP in a process called ___________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION What kind of organisms do this? What kind of organisms do this? plants ______ fungi ______ animals ________ (Including humans _______) bacteria ______ ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! How do we get the sugar from the plants? REMEMBER! _______________ HETEROTROPHS get their energy by eating other organisms. We get the energy the plants stored as eating plants directly glucose by _____________ or eating the _________ animals that ate the plants. Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria CYTOPLASM = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ mitochondria MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane CRISTAE (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane INTERMEMBRANE SPACE = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds MATRIX = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) energy in food to use the _____________ ATP charge up their _______ This process of releasing the energy from FOOD (glucose) ATP = to make _____ ________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION slowly happens __________ many steps in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as light and heat ____________________! PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO 6H O 2 + _________ 2 ___________ + ___________ C6H12O6 + __________ 6O2 →_______________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + _________ 6 CO2 + __________ 6 H2O + __________ 6O2 →________ _____________ The two equations are exact opposites! ______________________________________________________________ UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of calorie water 1◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food Calorie = _______________ 1000 calories 1 Calorie = _________ Remember from Photosynthesis? + NADP High energy electron carrier = ___________ Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons. + NAD FAD _______ & ________ 2 e + H+ ________ + _________ NAD+ → FAD e- + 2H+ ________ + 2 _________ ____________ → ____________ The first step in cellular respiration = __________________ GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis happens in CYTOPLASM the ________________ outside the mitochondria Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ sweet LYSIS= ___________ split apart ) Glycolysis ____________________________ DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN BUT it needs some ____________to get it ENERGY started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? ATP GLYCOLYSIS ________ ↓ GLUCOSE ___________ ATP → ATP → ↓ ATP ATP 2_____________ PYRUVIC ACID NADH NADH ____________________ + _______________ 4 ATP’s 2 ATP’s and GET BACK __________ PUT IN ________ Net gain of ________ 2 ATP’s and __________ 2 NADH PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC PYRUVIC ACID ___________ WITHOUT OXYGEN ANAEROBIC 2 kinds of fermentation Alcoholic Lactic acid ___________________ & _____________________ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise air spaces in bread CO2 bubbles make _____________ evaporates Alcohol _______________ during cooking ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Happens when beer yeast ___________ make _______ or bacteria wine ____________ make ______ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ muscles Happens in _____________ during ____________when body exercise can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens when bacteria are used food to make __________and beverages ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ___________ and all the NAD+ carriers get full. _______ Eventually glycolysis will NAD+ PYRUVIC ACID +_____ _______ + CO NAD →ALCOHOL __________ + ______ 2 + _____ LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells + REGENERATE the NAD can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going Flooded Corn Field Plants do photosynthesis ____________ but plants need ______________________ oxygen for cellular respiration too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die. KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. OXYGEN The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present. _______________ KREBS CYCLE follows glycolysis if oxygen is present Glycolysis happens in CYTOPLASM the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in MATRIX _____________ inside the mitochondria PYRUVIC ACID _______________ (also called pyruvate) enters the _________________ MITOCHONDRIA Pyruvic acid joins COENZYME A with _______________ to form ACETYL - CoA ________________ WHERE DO THESE GO? Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere ________________ High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ___________________________ Citric Acid Formation: 2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon citric acid molecule called _______________ . WHERE DO THESE GO? Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another Pyruvic acid ________________ Citric acid completes the KREBS CYCLE ____________ KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES 3 ____ 1 ____ 1 ____ 4 ____ WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere Carbon dioxide WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly energy to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ____________________________ Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain. WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? Glycolysis KREBS ET Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae) ___________________________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE CRISTAE MATRIX Electron Transport Chain: electrons High-energy _____________ from __________ and __________ NADH FADH2 are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used to Hydrogen ions (H+) across the transport _____________________ membrane. Electron Transport Chain: The pumping of H+ ions into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE represents potential _______________________ energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ ATP SYNTHASE spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ Electron Transport Chain: •________________ serves as the final OXYGEN electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. •At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water (H2O) ______________ NADH come in High-energy electrons from ________ FADH2 at beginning but electrons from _________ come in farther down the chain. •SO: → •FADH2 → •NADH • 3 ATP’s _____ 2 ATP’s _____ WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Cytoplasm Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: GLYCOLYSIS ______________________ KREBS CYCLE ______________________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS Happens in CYTOPLASM ______________ outside mitochondria 1 glucose Breaks down ____________ 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) into ________________ Produces 2 _______ 2 __________ KREBS CYCLE MATRIX happens in ________________ inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid Breaks down _________________ Produces:2 ____ ____ 8____ 2 ____ 6 ELECTRON TRANSPORT cristae Enzymes found in _____________ inner membrane of mitochondria Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions NADH FADH2 donated by _______ and _______ 32 (net) ATP Makes ___________ OXYGEN acts a final ________ H2O electron acceptor to produce ________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 36 ATP 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 2 ATP 1 glucose → ________________ Remember ! CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by GLYCOLYSIS _______________ & CELLULAR RESPIRATION __________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) LACTIC ACID Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP 90 seconds to last about ___________________. EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Lactic acid Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. trained Well __________ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds Cellular respiration _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _____________ than fermentation. more slowly Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up? REMEMBER Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ GLYCOGEN to use later. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) MUSCLES store glucose as ________________ ________________ which can be broken down glycogen into glucose to supply energy 15-20 minutes for_______________ of activity. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY Eukaryotes All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have mitochondria _______________ for cellular respiration Prokaryotes All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles!