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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Notes If you cannot do _____________________ like all plants, some protists, and some prokaryotes, you must collect your energy in another way. All animals, all fungi, some protists, and some prokaryotes are ________________________, or “other makers,” which means they consume calories. We get your energy from _________. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are reservoirs of energy. A series of chemical reactions known as _____________________ makes that energy available to cells. This process starts in your ___________________________. The large molecules in food are broken down into small molecules. Proteins become ___________________. Starches become _____________________. Lipids break down into _____________ and __________________. The one most important molecule for making energy is a specific sugar, _______________. Your body can change fats or proteins into glucose if necessary. One physics calorie will increase the temperature of 1 g water by 1 C. A biology __________ is equal to 1000 physics calories. One gram of fat produces about ___ Calories; a gram of carbohydrate or of protein produces about ___ Calories. When you need to burn lipids or amino acids, the process is _______________, since it takes energy to convert them into glucose before you can use them for cellular respiration. When you convert amino acids into glucose, you also have to remove the ____________ (“deamination”) – this waste is removed in your urine. The most important organelle in each cell is your ___________________. Every eukaryotic cell has mitochondria; the more active the cell is, the more mitochondria it has. Scientists believe that mitochondria were once _______________, and are now symbiotic with eukaryotic cells. One piece of evidence for this theory is that mitochondria have their own ________________. This theory is called endosymbiosis. Outer Membrane Cristae Matrix There A ______________________, the outside layer of the cell. ________________ made of the inner membrane. The ________________ fluid inside the mitochondrion. are three main steps in cellular respiration. 1. Glycolysis 2. The Krebs Cycle 3. The Electron Transport Chain J-49 THE STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Name of Step Where it Happens Summary of What Happens Reactants Products Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the ______________ Glycolysis means “____________ _____________” Glucose is broken in half. One molecule of glucose. Two “half-glucose” molecules, called ____________ and a small amount of _____ Krebs Cycle (also called the “Citric Acid Cycle” or “tricarboxylic cycle” or “TCA”) The Krebs Cycle occurs in the inner membranes (____________) of the mitochondria. This is a whole long series of complicated chemical reactions, involving all sorts of chemicals – pyruvate, pyruvic acid, Acetyl Co-A, acetate, and many enzymes The process starts where glycolysis ends, with pyruvate turned into a new molecule called “Acetyl Co-A’ The products include ______ ___________ a small amount of ______ and a lot of ___________. The carbon dioxide is _________. The electrons are needed for the next step. Like the Krebs Cycle, it has many smaller steps. This is the part of cellular respiration which releases the most __________. This process starts with the electrons released by the Krebs cycle. ___________ is also required. A chemical called ____ is also required as a reactant. The Electron Transport Chain This step happens in the _____________ of the mitochondria. ____________ is also required. The products of the electron transport chain are _________ and a large amount of ___. FERMENTATION: If there is no oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain can’t happen. Some cells stop with glycolysis. Some cells perform anaerobic (without oxygen) _______________. Fermentation creates poisons, like methane gas, lactic acid and ___________________. Some humans make a lot of money by fermenting ____________ or alcoholic drinks. Making wine or beer involves fermentation, and eventually kills the yeast. Remember: lactic acid does not cause muscle soreness! It is caused by _______________________________________________________. Important Formulas To Know: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, + Water + Energy C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + E ADP + E ATP J-51