Download Electron Transport Chain

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use
energy from sunlight or
chemicals to make their
own food
In the last section green plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS to
used ________________
sunlight
trap energy from __________
and make ______________
food (glucose)
In this chapter, we will learn how
broken down by
this glucose is ____________
energy
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
ATP
in a
process
called
___________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What kind of organisms do this?
What kind of organisms do this?
plants
______
fungi
______
animals
________
(Including humans
_______)
bacteria
______
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
How do we get the sugar from the plants?
REMEMBER!
_______________
HETEROTROPHS get
their energy by eating
other organisms.
We get the energy the plants stored as
eating plants directly
glucose by _____________
or eating the _________
animals that ate
the plants.
Area with gel-like material
inside cell membrane
surrounding mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
= ______________________
Power plant of cell
that burns glucose
and stores the energy
as ATP
= _______________
mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________
DOUBLE membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane
CRISTAE
(called _______________
)
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
MATRIX
= _________________
CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria
All organisms
(heterotrophs AND autotrophs)
energy in food to
use the _____________
ATP
charge up their _______
This process of releasing the
energy from FOOD (glucose)
ATP =
to make _____
________________
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
slowly
happens __________
many steps
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
light and heat
____________________!
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO
6H O
2 + _________
2
___________
+ ___________
C6H12O6 + __________
6O2
→_______________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + _________
6 CO2 + __________
6 H2O + __________
6O2 →________
_____________
The two equations are exact opposites!
______________________________________________________________
UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY
Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of
calorie
water 1◦ Celsius = _______________
Unit for measuring energy in food
Calorie
= _______________
1000 calories
1 Calorie = _________
Remember from Photosynthesis?
+
NADP
High energy electron carrier = ___________
Cellular respiration uses
some different carriers
to transport high energy
electrons.
+
NAD
FAD
_______ & ________
2 e + H+
________ + _________
NAD+
→
FAD
e- + 2H+
________
+ 2
_________
____________
→
____________
The first step in cellular respiration
= __________________
GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis happens in
CYTOPLASM
the ________________
outside the mitochondria
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________
sweet LYSIS= ___________
split apart )
Glycolysis ____________________________
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
BUT it needs some ____________to
get it
ENERGY
started.
What molecule do you think is going to
supply the energy do this?
ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
________
↓
GLUCOSE
___________
ATP
→
ATP
→
↓
ATP
ATP
2_____________
PYRUVIC ACID
NADH
NADH
____________________ + _______________
4 ATP’s
2 ATP’s and GET BACK __________
PUT IN ________
Net gain of ________
2 ATP’s and __________
2 NADH
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
PYRUVIC ACID ___________
WITHOUT OXYGEN
ANAEROBIC
2 kinds of fermentation
Alcoholic
Lactic acid
___________________
& _____________________
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL + ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
air spaces in bread
CO2 bubbles make _____________
evaporates
Alcohol _______________
during cooking
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL+ ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Happens when
beer
yeast
___________
make _______
or
bacteria
wine
____________
make ______
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
muscles
Happens in _____________
during
____________when
body
exercise
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens when bacteria are used
food
to make __________and
beverages
____________
like:
Yogurt, buttermilk,
sauerkraut, pickles, cheese
sour cream, & kimchi
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
builds up
___________
and all the
NAD+ carriers get full.
_______
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
+
CO
NAD
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
2 + _____
LACTIC ACID
+
NAD
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
+
REGENERATE
the
NAD
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
Flooded Corn
Field
Plants do
photosynthesis
____________
but
plants need ______________________
oxygen for cellular respiration
too. If plants seeds are under water 3
days or more, the seeds will die. If a
plants roots are under water for 3 days
or more, the plants will die.
KREBS CYCLE
&
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
REMEMBER:
The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis.
OXYGEN
The presence or absence of _______________
decides which path it takes next.
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle.
This is the path that is taken when
oxygen is present.
_______________
KREBS CYCLE follows glycolysis
if oxygen is present
Glycolysis happens in
CYTOPLASM
the ________________
outside the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle happens in
MATRIX
_____________
inside the mitochondria
PYRUVIC ACID
_______________
(also called pyruvate)
enters the
_________________
MITOCHONDRIA
Pyruvic acid joins
COENZYME A
with _______________
to form
ACETYL - CoA
________________
WHERE DO THESE GO?
Carbon dioxide is
released into the
atmosphere
________________
High energy electron carriers
move into the
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
___________________________
Citric Acid Formation:
2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a
4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon
citric acid
molecule called _______________
.
WHERE DO THESE GO?
Coenzyme A goes back
to pick up another
Pyruvic acid
________________
Citric acid
completes the
KREBS
CYCLE
____________
KREBS
CYCLE
KREBS CYCLE
PRODUCES
3
____
1
____
1
____
4
____
WHERE DOES IT GO?
→
6 carbons in original glucose are lost as
________________
to atmosphere
Carbon dioxide
WHERE DO THESE GO?
ATP can be used directly
energy
to supply __________
for the cell.
High energy electron carriers move
into the
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
____________________________
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
We will next focus on the Electron
Transport Chain.
WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN?
Glycolysis
KREBS
ET
Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
are located in the
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
___________________________
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
CRISTAE
MATRIX
Electron Transport Chain:
electrons
High-energy _____________
from __________
and __________
NADH
FADH2
are passed along the electron transport chain.
Energy from passing electrons is used to
Hydrogen ions (H+) across the
transport _____________________
membrane.
Electron Transport Chain:
The pumping of H+ ions into the
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE represents potential
_______________________
energy that is harnessed to make ATP.
As H+ ions escape through ion channels back
into the matrix, ________________
ATP SYNTHASE spins and
adds a phosphate to ADP to
ATP
form _______
Electron Transport Chain:
•________________
serves as the final
OXYGEN
electron acceptor of the electron transport
chain.
•At the end of the electron transport chain,
an enzyme combines the electrons with
the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form
water (H2O)
______________
NADH come in
High-energy electrons from ________
FADH2
at beginning but electrons from _________
come in farther down the chain.
•SO:
→
•FADH2 →
•NADH
•
3
ATP’s
_____
2
ATP’s
_____
WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Electron
Transport
Chain
Krebs
Cycle
Mitochondrion
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
includes:
GLYCOLYSIS
______________________
KREBS CYCLE
______________________
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
_______________________
GLYCOLYSIS
Happens in CYTOPLASM
______________
outside mitochondria
1 glucose
Breaks down ____________
2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
into ________________
Produces
2
_______
2
__________
KREBS CYCLE
MATRIX
happens in ________________
inside mitochondria
2 pyruvic acid
Breaks down _________________
Produces:2
____
____
8____
2
____
6
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
cristae
Enzymes found in _____________
inner membrane of mitochondria
Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions
NADH
FADH2
donated by _______
and _______
32 (net) ATP
Makes ___________
OXYGEN acts a final
________
H2O
electron acceptor to produce ________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(aerobic/ with oxygen):
36 ATP
1 glucose → _______________
FERMENTATION
(anaerobic/ without oxygen):
2 ATP
1 glucose → ________________
Remember !
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells burn GLUCOSE
for their energy needs
Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(Short term energy)
SMALL
Cells normally contain _________
amounts of ATP produced by
GLYCOLYSIS
_______________
&
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
__________________________
(only enough for a few seconds of activity)
LACTIC ACID
Once this ATP is used up_____________
fermentation can provide enough ATP
90 seconds
to last about ___________________.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(Short term energy)
Lactic acid
Once race is over, _______________
must be broken down using oxygen.
trained
Well __________
athletes burn
lactic acid more
efficiently.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
For exercise longer than 90 seconds
Cellular respiration
_____________________
is the only
way to make enough ATP.
Cellular respiration releases energy
_____________
than fermentation.
more slowly
Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves
during a long race.
What happens in a long race
when the body’s glucose all
is used up?
REMEMBER
Animal cells store
GLUCOSE as
_____________
GLYCOGEN
to use later.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
MUSCLES store glucose as
________________
________________
which can be broken down
glycogen
into glucose to supply energy
15-20 minutes
for_______________
of activity.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
After glycogen stores are
used up the body begins to
FAT
break down ________
That’s why aerobic exercise
must continue for longer than
20 minutes if you want to
lose weight!
ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY
Eukaryotes
All __________________
(including plant and animal cells) have
mitochondria
_______________
for cellular respiration
Prokaryotes
All __________________
(bacteria)
have their electron transport enzymes
attached to their
Cell membranes
_____________________
Remember: No membrane bound organelles!