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Introduction Organic Compounds Essential for life to exist Definition: Material that contains Carbon and Hydrogen and usually other elements such as Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Introduction to Carbohydrates General Information Carbohydrates - (CH2O) – Compounds of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio C-H-O made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in varying structures. They are classified as either simple or complex. Simple - Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Complex - Polysaccharides Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides - Are known as simple sugars. They have the form C6H12O6. Glucose - Blood sugar. There is always a glucose in a disaccharide. The storage form of glucose is glycogen. It fuels most of the body’s cells Fructose - Used commonly as sweeteners. Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharides - Two monosaccharides put together. Glucose is always one of the mono. Maltose - 2 Glucose together. Human digestive enzymes in mouth and small intestine break down starch into maltose Sucrose - Glucose and Fructose - Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains (which makes them sweet). It is what is refined to make table sugar. Types of Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides - Multiple monosaccharides, primarily glucose. Different polysaccharides have different shapes Some have straight chains -starch Some have branched chains Example: glycogen Types of Carbohydrates Human Liver and Muscles store carbs in the form of glycogen Starches - Storage form of glucose found in plants (wheat, rice, potatoes, peas, beans). Cellulose – structural – plants Chitin – structural - insects DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS Glycogen Lipids Introduction to Lipids Lipids are the most efficient form of stored energy in animals Fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy and helps transport fat-soluble nutrients Excess lipid consumed is stored as fat Plant oils such as peanut, corn and olive oils and margarine manufactured from plant oils Introduction to Lipids Diverse groups of Lipids includes: Triglycerides – most abundant lipid Phospholipids – 2 % of dietary lipids are phospholipids In the body, fat cells store triglycerides in adipose tissue In foods we call triglycerides “fats and oils” Fats: solid at RT Oils: Liquid at RT Versatile molecules play crucial roles as major components of cell membranes and in blood and body fluids, where they keep fats suspended Sterols – famous example: Cholesterol Body makes cholesterol Important component of cell membranes and a precursor of sex hormones, adrenal hormones and vitamin D Fatty Acids are Building Blocks of Lipids Fatty acids determine the characteristics of fat Basic structure of a fatty acid: a chain of carbon atoms (hydrophobic) a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end a methyl group (-CH3) at the other end Triglyceride Structure (Dehydration Synthesis/ Hydrolysis) Triglyceride Functions Energy Source Energy Reserve Fat is a rich and efficient source of calories Store excess dietary fat as body fat to help us get through calorie deficits – adipose tissue Insulation and Protection Fat tissue accounts for about 15 to 30 percent of body weight Part of that is visceral fat – adipose tissue around organs Subcutaneous fat lies under the skin where it protects and insulates the body Fat’s structural role is no more dramatic than in the brain, which is 60% fat Phospholipids Basic Info Contains glycerol and fatty acids; except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group. Phospholipid Structure http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/graphics/phospholipid.gif Phospholipid Functions they are ideal emulsifiers can keep oil and water mixed This property makes phospholipids a perfect structural element for cell membranes able to communicate with the watery environments of the blood and cell fluids, yet with a lipid portion that allows other lipids to enter and exit cells Phospholipid Bilayer http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/cellmemb.html Sterol Structure http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1030.htm Sterols Basic Info Cholesterol serves as the basic structure Cholesterol is the major steroid in animals and the body is capable of synthesizing it Structure Sterols have a multiple ring structure Unlike triglycerides and phospholipids, most sterols do not contain fatty acids Sterol Functions Cholesterol Functions Cholesterol is a necessary, important substance in body Major structural component of all cell membranes especially abundant in nerve and brain tissue Hormones Sex steroids cortisol (anti-inflammatory) Proteins Introduction to Proteins Basic Information The primary function of proteins are the building and the maintenance of the organism Proteins are responsible for the greatest range of functions Amino Acids are Building Blocks of Proteins Amino acids are the building blocks of polypeptides or proteins. Amino acids are identified by their side group one carboxylic acid (-COOH), one amino group (-NH2) and one side group unique to each amino acid (R) Side group give each amino acid its identity *** Amino Acids http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/images/aatheo.gif Proteins are synthesized by dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis Polymerization Polymerization Two amino acids together make a dipeptide. Many amino acids together make a polypeptide. Bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds Protein Structure Amino Acid Sequence Amino acids link in specific sequences to form protein up to hundreds of amino acids long Each amino acid is joined to the next by a peptide bond (Covalent bonds) A polypeptide contains more than 10 amino acids Protein Shape As a cell assembles amino acids into a protein, the protein assumes a unique 3-D shape; determines the protein’s function and the way it interacts with other molecules Protein Shape Protein Denaturation: Destabilizing a Protein’s Shape Changes in acidity or alkalinity, high temperatures, alcohol, oxidation and agitation can cause a protein to unfold and lose its shape (denature); lose their ability to function properly because its shape determines its function • Structural • Transport and Storage • Antibodies • Cell Membrane Proteins • Enzymes Introduction to Nucleic Acids Basic Information Macromolecules that dictate the amino acid sequence of proteins – which in turn controls the basic life processes Nucleic acids are also the source of genetic information in chromosomes Thus nucleic acids are the chemical link between generations Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleic acids are made of simple units called nucleotides connected to form long chains Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: A 5 carbon sugar – either deoxyribose or ribose A nitrogen containing base which is a single or double ringlike structure of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen Phosphate group RNA vs. DNA Ribose in nucleotides = called ribonucleic acids (RNA) Deoxyribose in nucleotides = called deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) RNA is like DNA except the sugar is ribose Also RNA has uracil instead of thymine Structurally DNA and RNA are different DNA is a double helix RNA is single stranded 3 types of RNA in cells which each perform a different role in the synthesis of proteins Nucleic Acids Structure of DNA http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/MolecularBiology/AMonksFlourishingGarden/dna.gif Functions of DNA DNA forms genes – units of genetic information that pass from parent to offspring Structure of DNA explains how DNA functions as the molecule of genetic information DNA stores information in a code consisting of units that are three nucleotides long – called triplet codons The structure of DNA accounts for its ability to be copied and passed through inheritance from one generation to the next Summary of Organic Compounds Organic Compound Building Block(s) Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Fatty Acid, glycerol Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide