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Transcript
Outline of lecture 2a a) Overview of Metabolism -definition -catabolism -anabolism -metabolic regulation - why is regulation necessary? Metabolism cannot take place without the cell b) The cell -required as a location to house some metabolism and to produce components for metabolism no matter where such metabolism occurs -specific aspects of metabolism occur at specific points in the cell -must know where metabolism occurs to understand what is happening and why The cell - cell components -plasma membrane -cytoplasmic matrix -mitochondrion -nucleus -endoplasmic reticulum -golgi apparatus -lysosomes and peroxisomes Lecture 2a- 11 January 2016 Main components of this lecture are: a) overview of metabolism b) the cell and how it works in metabolism c) digestion and how it contributes to metabolism The cell -cellular proteins -receptors and intracellular signalling -transport proteins -catalytic proteins The cell -apoptosis -programmed cell death -cellular enzymes that take the cell offlineimplications for disease c) digestion and how it contributes to metabolism -cells are essential for digestion -overview of the structure of the digestive tract -structures of upper gastrointestinal tract -structures of lower gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs -coordination and regulation of digestive processes -regulatory peptides -neural regulation -the process of digestion-secretions and enzymes required for nutrient digestion -oral cavity -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -colon or large intestine More detailed comments a) Overview of Metabolism -metabolism definition-sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells - however the focus of this course in on metabolism as it relates to nutrition -consequently energy metabolism and its regulation will be the focus of this course -energy metabolism - how the body obtains and uses energy-yielding nutrients after they are absorbed Energy metabolism -eg glucose from carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids from fat digestion and amino acids from proteins - is this really representative of energy metabolism? -catabolism-energy-producing reactions that occur as the result of breakdown of energy yielding nutrients-eg glucose from carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids from fat digestion and amino acids from protein Energy metabolism -anabolism-energy-using reactions that may be used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and participates in the synthesis of a wide variety of molecules in the body.-eg-glycogen synthesis from glucose, triglyceride synthesis from fatty acids and glycerol, protein synthesis from amino acids. Energy metabolism -metabolic regulation -what is metabolic regulation?-orderly control of metabolic processes so that molecules are available for use when they are needed, in the form they are needed, where they are needed, and in the quantities they are needed Catabolic rate =anabolic rate in healthy personscan you think of 2 exceptions to this equality? Energy metabolism why is regulation necessary? molecules would not be available for use when they are needed, in the form they are needed, and where they are needed and in the quantities that are needed. Catabolic rate = metabolic rate -note that vitamins, minerals and water assist in the regulation of energy metabolism. Water and vitamins are metabolised as the result of the metabolism of energy yielding nutrients. Such metabolic results will not be the focus of this course. Metabolism cannot take place without the cell b) The cell -required as a location to house some metabolism and to produce components for metabolism no matter where such metabolism occurs -specific aspects of metabolism occur at specific points in the cell -must know where metabolism occurs to understand what is happening and why Cell components -plasma membrane -give cell shape and separate it from extracellular environment -protection for cellular contents -allows for cellular stimulation, nourishment and excretion of cellular wastes -bag for cell contents -membrane proteins act as pumps, gates, receptors, energy transducers and enzymes -made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates Cell components -cytoplasmic matrix or cytoplasm or cytoplast -has microtrabecular lattice and fluid environment -site of glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, and fatty acid synthesis Cell components -mitochondrion(mitochondria) -generation of most of adenosine triphosphate (metabolic energy) -oxidative metabolism(catabolism) of carbohydrate, lipids and proteins Cell components -nucleus -contains DNA-the brains of the operation -DNA initiates and regulates most cellular activities Cell components -endoplasmic reticulum-network of membranous channels in cytoplast -rough-has ribosomes - protein synthesis -smooth-no ribosomes -lipid synthesis -golgi apparatus-trafficking and sorting of proteins Cell components -lysosomes-digestion of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides within the cell -peroxisomes-fatty acid oxidation and amino acid catabolism Cell components -cellular proteins -receptors and intracellular signalling eg insulin docks to its receptor and sets up a series of intracellular signalling processes by which glucose is transported into the cell. Cell components -cellular proteins -transport proteins-regulate flow of nutrients into and out of cell -can be carriers, pumps or pores Cell components -cellular proteins -catalytic proteins -enzymes that result in reactions taking place more easily in the body -are all enzymes contained in cells? The cell -apoptosis -programmed cell death- certain enzymes take the cell offline-implications for metabolism and health?- why not just have cells live on forever and reproduce forever?