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BIOMOLECULES
Academic and PAP Biology
Warm-Up
• Title: Biomolecules
• List the percentages of
each:
–
–
–
–
Total Fats ____
Saturated Fats ____
Carbohydrates _______
Protein ____
Hypothesis How do they help
your body?
Amoeba Sister: Biomolecules
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCE
mZw
So lets think about this….
• Bio-molecules make:
– Organelles (tiny cell organs)
– Cells
– Tissue
– Organ
– Organ systes
– Organsism
Carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids,
found in food help
make me along
with nucleic
acids!!!!
4 Classes of Organic
Compounds
All
Contain
Carbon
Monomers (M)
(Building Blocks)
(Building
Blocks
Macromolecules
CHO
CHONP
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
M=Sugars
M=
Nucleotides
starch
es
DNA
cellulose
RNA
glycogen
CHONS
CHO
Lipids
M=
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
Proteins
M=
Amino Acids
fats
enzymes
oils
muscle fibers
waxes
steroids
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1
cytoskeleton
Slide
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Monomers – single unit
Polymers – many single units
joined together
This is how polymers are formed
and how polymers are bronken
down into monomers
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Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates:
– Aka: sugars – glucose, sucrose,
fructose, etc
– Function: Provide energy
• Lipids:
– Aka: fats – triglycerides,
saturated/unsaturated
– Function: Long-term energy,
insulation
Biomolecules
• Proteins:
– Aka: Amino acids –
– Function: build muscle, bones, pretty
much the body
• Nucleic Acids:
– Aka: DNA/RNA – your genetic code
– Function: Instructions for your cell –
the BIG BOSS
C H O
1: 2: 1
Main source of
energy, especially
short term energy
Monomer: Sugar
Monosaccharide: simple sugar
Used for genetic material,
which codes for traits
Monomer: Nucleotide
CHONP
DNA: A C G T
RNA: A G C U
Disaccharide: double (two) sugars
Polysaccharide: many (large) sugars
Carbohydrates
Glucose,
Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
Starch,
Cellulose,
Glycogen
Macromolecules
Lipids
Proteins
Fats, Oils,
Enzymes,
Waxes
Cell structure
Saturated: only C-C single bonds
Unsaturated: at least 1 C = C double bond
Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
CHO
Monomer: Triglyceride
Bonded by: Peptide Bonds
Used for long term
energy storage
Used for antibodies, muscle
movement, enzymes, hormones,
structure, transport, and to
store amino acids
Monomer: Amino Acid
C H O N (S)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms,
Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
What is the
function of
carbohydrates?
Source of
Energy for cell
function
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Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides – single (1) sugar (glucose- C6H12O6, fructose)
Disaccharides – double (2) sugar (sucrose-C12H22O11)
Polysaccharides – many sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: Starches and sugars examples of carbohydrates that are used by
living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose - plants
make it for cell walls
Starch - (long chain
of glucose)
Glycogen – stored in
humans
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Proteins
macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monomer: amino acids.
- Polymer: protein (polypeptide chain)
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Protein
s
Amino Acids: connected by peptide bonds
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Protein
sFunction
of Proteins
Instructions for arranging amino acids into many
different proteins are stored in DNA.
Amino
Acids
Protein
Molecule
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Protein
s
Some functions of proteins:
–Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
–Used to form bones and muscles
–Transport substances into or out of cells
–Help to fight disease - antibodies
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides – monomers of Nucleic Acids.
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: DNA or RNA
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
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Lipids
Lipids
not soluble in water.
Common categories
of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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Lipids
Function of Lipids:
Used to store energy.
Important parts of biological membranes
and waterproof coverings.
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Lipids
glycerol
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Fatty acid
• Triglyceride
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Amoeba Sister: Enzymes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY
5bug
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Enzymes: Are Proteins
“Helper” Protein
molecules
Nothing works without enzymes!
• How important are enzymes?
– all chemical reactions in living organisms require
enzymes to work
enzyme
• building molecules
– synthesis enzymes
• breaking down molecules
– digestive enzymes
We can’t live
without enzymes!
– enzymes speed up reactions
• “catalysts”
+
enzyme
+
2–3 Carbon Compounds
Enzymes
Lowers Activation Energy
• A protein catalyst
• Enzymes are important
proteins found in living
things. An enzyme is a
protein that changes the
rate of a chemical
reaction.
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End Show
•
Enzyme
– helper protein molecule
•
Substrate
– molecule that enzymes work on
•
Products
– what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
•
Active site
– part of enzyme
that substrate
molecule fits into
– LOCK AND KEY
substrate
active site
product
enzyme
What affects enzyme action
• Correct protein structure
– correct order of amino acids
– why? enzyme has to be right shape
• Temperature
– why? enzyme has to be right shape
• pH (acids & bases)
– why? enzyme has to be right shape
Enzymes are proteins
• Each enzyme is the specific helper to
a specific reaction
– each enzyme needs to be the right shape for
the job
– enzymes are named for the reaction
they help
Oh, I get it!
They end
in -ase
• sucrase breaks down sucrose
• proteases breakdown proteins
• lipases breakdown lipids
• DNA polymerase builds DNA
For enzymes…
What matters?
SHAPE!