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Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids – proteins – nucleic acids Polymers • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain – monomers • building blocks • repeated small units H2O – covalent bonds HO H HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H How to build a polymer • Synthesis – joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O H2O – Requires enzymes HO H HO H enzyme Dehydration synthesis HO H How to break down a polymer • Digestion – use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– – H+ & OH– attach to ends H2O – requires enzymes HO enzyme H Hydrolysis Digestion HO H HO H CH2OH H HO O H OH H H OH Carbohydrates energy molecules 2009-2010 H OH What are carbohydrates? • Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. • A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. • Glucose is a common sugar found in grape juice. Simple & complex sugars CH2OH H • Monosaccharides • One sugar molecule • glucose • Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked together – sucrose • Polysaccharides – Many sugars linked – starch O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide H2O | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose H2O disaccharide | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides • Starch and glycogen store energy long-term for plants or animals. They can be broken down into simple sugars. • Function: – energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) – in liver & muscles – structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi) Polysaccharides in plants and animals starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal) Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth – herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose – most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage Lipids •long term energy storage •concentrated energy •Cushion organs •Insulates Body What are lipids? Why do they taste good? • They include the butter, shortening, oil, egg yolks, and margarine that went into the meal. What are lipids made out of? • Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids repel water. Building Blocks of Fats H2O dehydration synthesis enzyme H2O enzyme H2O enzyme HO • Saturated: • Unsaturated: Phospholipids • Structure: – glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4 • PO4 = negatively charged It’s just like me A head at one end & a tail at the other! Why is this important? • Phospholipids create a barrier in water – they make cell membranes! What proteins do we eat at Thanksgiving? • This includes the turkey, egg whites, most of the milk, any other meat and cheese. Proteins Are multipurpose molecules Protein functions include: 1)structural support 2)storage 3)transport 4)cellular communications 5)movement 6)defense against foreign substances 2009-2010 What are proteins made of? • A protein consists of one or more polypeptides • Polypeptides are large molecules built from the same set of 20 amino acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids are the building blocks that link to form proteins Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine There are 20 Amino Acids Go to Section: Serine Building proteins • Peptide bonds – covalent bond between NH2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another – C–N bond H2O dehydration synthesis peptide bond Protein structure (overview) Folding to create an overall shape 3° multiple polypeptides 1° amino acid sequence peptide bonds determined by DNA 4° 2° Localized folding Nucleic Acids Information storage 2009-2010 Nucleic Acids • Function: – genetic material • stores information – genes – blueprint for building proteins » DNA RNA proteins DNA • transfers information – blueprint for new cells – blueprint for next generation proteins What are nucleic acids? • A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide units. • A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group. • Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose. • Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose. Nucleotides • 3 parts – nitrogen base (C-N ring) – pentose sugar (5C) • ribose in RNA • deoxyribose in DNA – phosphate (PO4) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! What are the Carbohydrates on Thanksgiving? • Mashed potatoes, stuffing, cornbread, sweet potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugars, syrups, breads, pie crusts—big part of our Thanksgiving.