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1 DNA & RNA Long chain of nucleotides ◦ 5-carbon sugar ◦ Phosphate group ◦ Nitrogen base Nucleic acid RNA Only Ribonucleic acid RNA sugar is ribose Single-stranded Thymine replaced with uracil ◦ Switch “T” for “U” ◦ (Think “GAUUACA” instead of “GATTACA”) 2 3 RNA is disposable copy of a DNA segment Can copy one DNA sequence into many, many, many copies of RNA 4 Three types of RNA ◦ Messenger RNA (mRNA) ◦ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ◦ Transfer RNA (tRNA) 5 RNA carries copies of genes – acts as “messengers” ◦ Messenger RNA or mRNA Must…get… message…to… ribosome! 6 Proteins are assembled on ribosomes Ribosomes are made up of part protein, part RNA ◦ Ribosomal RNA or rRNA mRNA threads through the ribosome ribosome mRNA 7 Found in cytoplasm tRNA carries each amino acid to the ribosome (where mRNA is waiting) tRNA A.A. ribosome 8 9 Replication Transcription Translation 10 DNA mRNA molecules are made by copying part of the DNA ◦ This process of DNA RNA is called transcription RNA is being formed ◦ Where normally would be a T, now replace with U mRNA 11 12 Normally: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ DNA : DNA A : T C : G G : C T : A Transcription: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ DNA : RNA A : U C : G G : C T : A 13 What enzyme made strands of DNA? ◦ DNA Polymerase What enzyme would make strands of RNA? ◦ RNA Polymerase 14 The RNA molecules might need some editing before the final draft ◦ Introns are removed Think “intruder” ◦ Exons stay (they are “excellent”) 15 A “word” of mRNA is called a “codon” Each word is three letters long 16