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Protein Synthesis Translation The Big Picture • DNA (genes) information copied to make • mRNA (transcription) • Information in mRNA sequence used to put together • Chain of amino acids(protein) • Proteins determine physical traits of organism Translation: Why • mRNA has copied information from DNA into “nucleic acid” language (A,U,G,C) • Must be translated into “protein” language (amino acids) Translation Building Blocks of Proteins • Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids • These subunits are comprised of : – Amino group – Carboxyl group – R group is different for each amino acid Translation Building Blocks of Proteins • 20 different amino acids make up all proteins • Order of amino acids gives protein specific characteristics Amino acids: Building Blocks of Proteins Peptide bond joins amino acids in proteins Translation: The Code • 4 letters in RNA: A, U, C, G • 3 letters = code for each amino acid • Codon = 3 base code for a specific amino acid Translation: The Code • 64 possible combinations (4x4x4) • More than 1 code for some amino acids • Start = AUG • Stop = UAA, UAG, UGA Translation: Where • Cytoplasm of cell Translation: The Players • mRNA with 3-base codons • Start codon • Stop codon Translation: The Players • tRNA • Matches correct amino acid with codon • Anticodon • Amino acid Translation: The Players • Composed of rRNA & protein • Ribosomes assemble the protein • Move along mRNA • tRNA brings amino acids Translation: Initiation • Begin at start codon • Assemble ribosomes • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/biocoach/translation/init.html Translation: Elongation • tRNA matches anticodon with codon in mRNA to bring correct amino acids to protein • Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/biocoach/translation/elong1.html Translation: Termination • • • • “Stop” codon is reached Protein is released from ribosome Protein folds into 3-D shape http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/biocoach/translation/term.html Translation • Many proteins can be translated from a single message The Complete Process • http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP1302 Transcribe & translate a gene • Practice! • http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/tra nscribe/