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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS copyright cmassengale 1 DNA and Genes copyright cmassengale 2 DNA • DNA contains_______, sequences of nucleotide bases • These Genes code for ___________ (proteins) • ________ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells copyright cmassengale 3 Genes & Proteins Proteins are made of ______________linked together by peptide bonds ____ different amino acids exist copyright cmassengale 4 Polypeptides • Amino acid chains are called __________ copyright cmassengale 5 DNA Begins the Process • ______ is found inside the _______ • _________, however, are made in the _________ of cells by organelles called ribosomes • Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the _______________________ copyright cmassengale 6 Starting with DNA • ______ ____must be copied and taken to the cytosol • In the cytoplasm, this _______________ so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins) • This process is called _____________________ copyright cmassengale 7 RNA copyright cmassengale 8 Roles of RNA and DNA • _____ is the MASTER PLAN • _____ is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan copyright cmassengale 9 RNA Differs from DNA • RNA has a sugar _______ DNA has a sugar ___________ copyright cmassengale 10 Other Differences • • RNA contains the base ______ (U) DNA has ______ (T) RNA molecule is ______-______ DNA is ______________ copyright cmassengale DNA 11 Structure of RNA copyright cmassengale 12 . Three Types of RNA • _________ ____ (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes • _________ ____ (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes • _________ ____ (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are copyright cmassengale 13 synthesized The Genetic Code • A _____ designates an _____ _____ • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 20 amino acids, but _______________ • Some codons tell the ribosome to ____ translating copyright cmassengale 14 Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U C-G copyright cmassengale 15 Codons and Anticodons • The 3 bases of an anticodon are ___________ to the 3 bases of a codon • Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA copyright cmassengale UGA ACU 16 Transcription and Translation copyright cmassengale 17 Pathway to Making a Protein DNA mRNA tRNA (ribosomes) Protein copyright cmassengale 18 Protein Synthesis The _________ or synthesis of ___________ (proteins) Two phases: Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells copyright cmassengale 19 Transcription • The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ______ • mRNA copies the template strand • Requires the enzyme ____ ___________ copyright cmassengale 20 Template Strand copyright cmassengale 21 Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ copyright cmassengale 22 Answer: • DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ • RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’ copyright cmassengale 23 Transcription • During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and ______________________ • RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA copyright cmassengale 24 RNA Polymerase copyright cmassengale 25 mRNA Processing • After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, ______ must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional • _______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain copyright cmassengale 26 mRNA Editing • ______, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme _____ • A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5” end of the newly copied mRNA • A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA • The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus copyright cmassengale 27 Result of Transcription CAP New Transcript copyright cmassengale Tail 28 mRNA Transcript •mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes copyright cmassengale 29 Translation • Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain • Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 _____ at a time and construct the proteins copyright cmassengale 30 Transcription Translation copyright cmassengale 31 Ribosomes • Made of a large and small subunit • Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%) • Have ____ ______ for tRNA attachment --- P and A copyright cmassengale 32 Step 1- Initiation • mRNA ________ start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit • Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit mRNA transcript copyright cmassengale 33 Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA Small subunit A U G C U A C U U C G copyright cmassengale 34 Step 2 - Elongation • As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome • _______ _____ join the amino acids copyright cmassengale 35 Initiation aa2 aa1 2-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA copyright cmassengale 36 Elongation peptide bond aa1 aa3 aa2 3-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon 2-tRNA G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA copyright cmassengale 37 aa1 peptide bond aa3 aa2 1-tRNA 3-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA A U G G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA copyright cmassengale Ribosomes move over one codon 38 aa1 peptide bonds aa4 aa2 aa3 4-tRNA 2-tRNA A U G 3-tRNA G C U G A U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale 39 aa1 peptide bonds aa4 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 4-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA A U G G C U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale Ribosomes move over one codon 40 aa1 peptide bonds aa5 aa2 aa3 aa4 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale 41 peptide bonds aa1 aa5 aa2 aa3 aa4 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale Ribosomes move over one codon 42 aa4 aa5 Termination aa199 aa3 primary structure aa2 of a protein aa200 aa1 200-tRNA A C U terminator or stop codon C A U G U U U A G mRNA copyright cmassengale 43 End Product –The Protein! • The end products of protein synthesis is a ______ ______ of a protein • A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa2 aa1 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa199 copyright cmassengale aa200 44 Messenger RNA (mRNA) start codon mRNA A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A codon 1 protein methionine codon 2 codon 3 glycine serine codon 4 isoleucine codon 5 codon 6 glycine alanine codon 7 stop codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 cmassengale peptidecopyright bonds aa5 aa6 45 copyright cmassengale 46