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Classification
• Taxonomy naming system for the organization
of life.
– Grouping or categorizing based on similarities
Modern classification began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus,
who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics.
In the life sciences, binomial nomenclature is the formal
method of naming species. As the word "binomial"
suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the
combination of two terms: the genus name and the species
descriptor.
Classification of living systems
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Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Classification
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6 KINGDOMS
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Used to be 1 kingdom- Monera (Bacteria only)
• Viruses are not classified as living. Viruses do however
demonstrate reproductive capabilities like living things. They are
smaller than bacterial cells!
The 6 kingdoms
• Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom,
Monera)
– Archaebacteria
– Eubacteria
• Eukaryotes
– Fungi
– Protista
– Animal
– Plantae
unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
complex and have a nucleus
and membrane-bound
organelles
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
– Unicellular
– Live in extreme environments
– Prokaryotic
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Eubacteria
- Unicellular
- Prokaryotic
-“Common
bacteria”
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Protista
– Eukaryotic
– Unicellular or colonial
– Lots of different life styles
• Fungi
– Cell walls made of chitin
– Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– External heterotrophs
Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight to
make glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
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Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
• Feed on plants
or animals
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Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Plantae
– Eukaryotic & Multicellular
– Cell walls made of cellulose
– Autotrophic
• Animalia
– Eukaryotic & Multicellular
– No cell walls
– Internal heterotrophs
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•Let’s look at an
example of
taxonomy in action!
What is my name?
Puma ?
What is my name?
Devil Cat ?
Ghost Cat ?
What is my name?
My real name is
Puma concolor
What is my name?
Binomial Nomenclature
• There are at least 50 common names for
Puma concolor.
• Common names vary according to region,
country or language.
• Soooo……why use a scientific name?
Binomial Nomenclature
Two name system for writing scientific names.
•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).
•The species name is written second (never
capitalized).
•Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if
hand written. The name is also in Latin (a dead
language).
Binomial Nomenclature
• More examplesGenus and species
Common name
Range
Panthera leo
Lion
Africa (Asia)
Panthera onca
Jaguar
N. & S. America
Panthera pardus
Leopard
Africa, Asia, Europe
Panthera tigris
Tiger
Asia
How many organisms are out there?
• Scientists currently estimate that
– There are 10 million species worldwide
– Over 5 million live in the tropics
– Most unnamed species are small or microscopic
Why is taxonomy useful?
• Helps prevent confusion among scientists
• Helps to show how organisms are related
• Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies –
evolutionary histories – of an organism or
group
Organization of LIFE
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CELL – BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
TISSUE- MANY CELLS
ORGANS- MANY TISSUES
ORGAN SYSTEMS-GROUPED ORGANS
ORGANISMS – CONTAINS ORGAN GROUPS
SPECIES- GROUPS OF THE SAME ORGANISM
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
• Homologous structures (same
structure, different function)
• Similar embryo development
• Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
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Similarities
in mammals.
Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Cladogram
• Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Keying
• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics
and either go to another set
of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
•1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
•1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
•2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
•2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
•3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
•3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
•4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
•4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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