Download Chapter 18 Classification

Chapter 18.1:
Finding Order in Diversity
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Chapter 18.1 Essential Questions
•What are the goals of
binomial nomenclature and
systematics?
•How did Carolus Linnaeus
group species?
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Species of Organisms
•There are 13 billion known
species of organisms.
•This is only 5% of all organisms
that ever lived!!!!!
•New organisms are still being
found and identified.
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•
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What is Classification?
Classification: Arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based
on their similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy (aka systematics)
Taxonomy is the science of
describing, classifying, and naming
living things.
Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
Prevents misnomers
•
•
starfish & jellyfish that
aren't really fish
•Greek)
Uses same language (Latin or
for all names
Sea”horse”??
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Why Classify?
•
•
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Answering Questions:
How many known species are
there?
What are the defining
characteristics of each
species?
What are the relationships
between these species?
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all
Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists
•2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the first
taxonomist
•Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
•He subdivided them by
their habitat: land, sea,
or air dwellers
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Carolus Linnaeus
•“Father of Taxonomy”
•Classified organisms
by their structure
•Binomial nomenclature
•Two-word scientific name
1707 – 1778
(Genus & species)
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial nomenclature
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus, but
NOT species
•Underline when
Parus major
writing
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Rules for Naming Organisms
•The International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature
•contains the rules for naming
organisms
•Must be approved by
International Zoological
Congress
This prevents duplicated names
•
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Classification Groups
• Taxon (taxa-plural): Category into
which related organisms are placed
(groups that have biological meaning)
• There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Binomial system
Species
{
Most
Specific
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Taxonomic Groups
• Domain – 3 major categories
• Kingdom – 6 major categories
• Phylum – Groups of similar classes
• Class – Group of similar orders
• Order – Group of similar families
• Family – Group of similar genera
• Genus – Group of similar species
• Species – Individuals capable of
interbreeding and producing
fertile offspring
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Spaghetti!
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Dichotomous Key
•Key used to identify
organisms
•Characteristics given in
paired statements
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another set
of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 4
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped– 5…
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A Growing System
•Organisms are still being
discovered and classified.
•Modern systematics
Groups species by evolutionary relationships
as opposed to similarities.
Peacock spider: Maratus jactatus
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Chapter 18.2:
Modern Evolutionary
Classification
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Chapter 18.2 EQ
•What is the goal of
evolutionary classification?
•What is a cladogram?
•How are DNA sequences
used in classification?
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Evolutionary Classification
•Phylogeny: Evolutionary
history of lineages.
•Phylogenetic Systematics
aims to group species based
on lines of evolutionary
descent.
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Evolutionary Classification
•Clades – Group of species that
includes a common ancestor and
its descendants.
•Cladogram – Branching diagram
showing relatedness among
evolutionary lineages b/w organisms.
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Cladogram
•Nodes (branch points)
Result from speciation, showing
the point where 2 lineages shared
a common ancestor.
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Cladograms
•The bottom (root node)
represents a common ancestor
of the entire cladogram.
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Cladograms
• How recently lineages
share a common ancestor
reflects how closely the
organisms are related.
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Primate
Cladogram
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures
same structure, different function
•Similar embryo development
•Similarity in DNA, RNA, or
amino acid sequence of
Proteins
•Example:
•Red panda & giant panda
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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Chapter 18.3:
Building the Tree of Life
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Chapter 18.3 EQ
•What are the 6
kingdoms of life?
•What does the tree
of life show?
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Domain BACTERIA
• Kingdom – EUBACTERIA
-Unicellular and prokaryotic
-Contain cell walls
-Some may cause DISEASE
-Found in MOST HABITATS
Important decomposers for environment
- Commercially important
making foods
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Domain:ARCHAEA
• Kingdom – ARCHAEBACTERIA
◦unicellular and prokaryotic
◦1st cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
-Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
-Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
-Hot Springs or Geysers
-Very salty water (Dead Sea) - Halophiles
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Domain: Eukarya
•Consists of 4 kingdoms:
•Protista (protozoans, algae…)
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•Animalia (multicellular animals)
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•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
Protista
multicellular
•Can Be Either
Autotrophic and/or
heterotrophic
•Aquatic
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Protists are the most difficult to classify
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• Multicellular
• Absorptive
Fungi
Except yeast
heterotrophs
-Extracellular
Digestion
• Cell walls made
of chitin
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Plantae
•Multicellular
-Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
•Cell walls
Photosynthesis
cellulose
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Animalia
•Multicellular
•No cell walls
•Heterotrophs
•Feed on
plants or
animals
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Animals
Vertebrates
Mammals
Fish
Invertebrates
Cnidarians
Flatworms
True worms
Reptiles
Molluscs
Amphibians
Echinoderms
Birds
Arthropods
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