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Chapter 18.1: Finding Order in Diversity 1 Chapter 18.1 Essential Questions •What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics? •How did Carolus Linnaeus group species? 2 Species of Organisms •There are 13 billion known species of organisms. •This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! •New organisms are still being found and identified. 3 • • • What is Classification? Classification: Arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy (aka systematics) Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying, and naming living things. Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers • • starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish •Greek) Uses same language (Latin or for all names Sea”horse”?? 5 Why Classify? • • • Answering Questions: How many known species are there? What are the defining characteristics of each species? What are the relationships between these species? 6 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names 7 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists 8 Early Taxonomists •2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist •Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals •He subdivided them by their habitat: land, sea, or air dwellers 9 Carolus Linnaeus •“Father of Taxonomy” •Classified organisms by their structure •Binomial nomenclature •Two-word scientific name 1707 – 1778 (Genus & species) 10 Standardized Naming •Binomial nomenclature •Genus species •Latin or Greek •Italicized in print •Capitalize genus, but NOT species •Underline when Parus major writing 11 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 12 Rules for Naming Organisms •The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature •contains the rules for naming organisms •Must be approved by International Zoological Congress This prevents duplicated names • 13 Classification Groups • Taxon (taxa-plural): Category into which related organisms are placed (groups that have biological meaning) • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species 14 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Binomial system Species { Most Specific 15 Taxonomic Groups • Domain – 3 major categories • Kingdom – 6 major categories • Phylum – Groups of similar classes • Class – Group of similar orders • Order – Group of similar families • Family – Group of similar genera • Genus – Group of similar species • Species – Individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 16 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 17 Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti! copyright cmassengale 18 Dichotomous Key •Key used to identify organisms •Characteristics given in paired statements •Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism 19 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Tentacles present – Go to 2 Tentacles absent – Go to 4 Eight Tentacles – Octopus More than 8 tentacles – 3 Tentacles hang down – go to 4 Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish Body NOT balloon-shaped– 5… copyright cmassengale 20 A Growing System •Organisms are still being discovered and classified. •Modern systematics Groups species by evolutionary relationships as opposed to similarities. Peacock spider: Maratus jactatus 22 Chapter 18.2: Modern Evolutionary Classification 23 Chapter 18.2 EQ •What is the goal of evolutionary classification? •What is a cladogram? •How are DNA sequences used in classification? 24 Evolutionary Classification •Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of lineages. •Phylogenetic Systematics aims to group species based on lines of evolutionary descent. 25 26 Evolutionary Classification •Clades – Group of species that includes a common ancestor and its descendants. •Cladogram – Branching diagram showing relatedness among evolutionary lineages b/w organisms. 27 Cladogram •Nodes (branch points) Result from speciation, showing the point where 2 lineages shared a common ancestor. 28 Cladograms •The bottom (root node) represents a common ancestor of the entire cladogram. 29 Cladograms • How recently lineages share a common ancestor reflects how closely the organisms are related. copyright cmassengale 30 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 31 Basis for Modern Taxonomy •Homologous structures same structure, different function •Similar embryo development •Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins •Example: •Red panda & giant panda 33 34 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. 35 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 36 Chapter 18.3: Building the Tree of Life 37 Chapter 18.3 EQ •What are the 6 kingdoms of life? •What does the tree of life show? 38 39 copyright cmassengale 40 Domain BACTERIA • Kingdom – EUBACTERIA -Unicellular and prokaryotic -Contain cell walls -Some may cause DISEASE -Found in MOST HABITATS Important decomposers for environment - Commercially important making foods 41 Domain:ARCHAEA • Kingdom – ARCHAEBACTERIA ◦unicellular and prokaryotic ◦1st cells to evolve • Live in HARSH environments -Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) -Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) -Hot Springs or Geysers -Very salty water (Dead Sea) - Halophiles 42 Domain: Eukarya •Consists of 4 kingdoms: •Protista (protozoans, algae…) •Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) •Plantae (multicellular plants) •Animalia (multicellular animals) 43 •Most are unicellular •Some are Protista multicellular •Can Be Either Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic •Aquatic 44 Protists are the most difficult to classify 45 • Multicellular • Absorptive Fungi Except yeast heterotrophs -Extracellular Digestion • Cell walls made of chitin 46 Plantae •Multicellular -Autotrophic •Absorb sunlight •Cell walls Photosynthesis cellulose 47 Animalia •Multicellular •No cell walls •Heterotrophs •Feed on plants or animals 48 Animals Vertebrates Mammals Fish Invertebrates Cnidarians Flatworms True worms Reptiles Molluscs Amphibians Echinoderms Birds Arthropods 50