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Transcript
D.C. Anatomy Lecture 3 The Cell Southern Boone County High School Bill Palmer The Basics Human has 75 Trillion Cells At least 200 types of cells Cells form the basis of organization for the human body atom (hydrogen) molecule (water) organelle (mitochondrion) cell (muscle) tissue (muscle) organ (heart) organism (human) population community .. (Yanomamo tribe) (Amazon rain forest) biosphere The Basics of Cells All cells have these common characteristics: Respire and grow Eliminate waste Maintain a shape Undergo cell division Perform a specific function The Basics of Cells The study of cells is called Cytology The Basics of Cells Functions Covering-Epithelial Cells Lining-Epithelial Cells Storage-Fat Cells Movement-Muscle Cells Connection-Ligaments The Basics of Cells Functions Defense-White Blood Cells Communication-Nerve Cells Reproduction-sperm and oocytes 100 m 10 m 1m 10 cm blue whale human chicken egg 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm frog egg plant and animal cells cell nucleus most bacteria mitochondria smallest bacteria largest virus proteins 1 nm lipids 0.1 nm atoms Main Regions nucleus cytosol cytoskeleton other organelles Cell membrane Eukaryotic cell SECURITY GATE (cell membrane) The Nucleus (Control center) Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell (DNA) Generally the most conspicuous organelle Ribosomes (work benches) Site where cells make proteins 2 types (different kinds perform different tasks) • Free Ribosomes (within cytosol) • Bound Ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum (assembly line) Interconnected membranes that form channels and canals within the cytoplasm Move substances from one part of the cell to another Endoplasmic Reticulum (assembly line) 2 types Interconnected membranes that form channels and canals within the cytoplasm Smooth ER (site of lipid synthesis and detoxification) Rough ER DNA cytoskeleton smooth endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes nucleolus cytosol rough endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane mitochondria lysosomes Golgi complex Golgi Complex (Distribution Center) modifies, sorts, and ships proteins Perixosomes Specific enzymes that break down harmful substances Convert H2O2 to H2O from RER cisternae cisternal spaces Golgi complex vesicle to plasma membrane to cytosol for export out of cell P 1. Side chains are edited. P 2. Vesicles formed for protein transport. Cell membrane (security gate) Fluid (moving) mosaic (made of multiple proteins) model Cell membrane (security gate) Major Functions Keeps stuff in Keeps stuff out Transport Communication Lysosomes (Cleaning Crew) Digestive compartments used to hydrolyze proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids. Mitochondria (Powerhouse) Use Oxygen to convert food energy (from sugars, fats, and other fuels) to ATP (used for our body’s energy needs) The Cytoskeleton ( Internal Scaffolding) Protein fibers •give cells shape •anchor organelles •allow movement Functions of Microtubules Movement •Cilia •Flagella Clinical View From time to time, we will discuss some of the diseases and conditions and how they are related to anatomy. Some of these can be disturbing. Clinical View-Tay-Sachs Tay-Sachs Disease Caused by missing genes in Lysosome Lipid (fat) accumulates within cell Infants appear normal Paralysis, blindness, deafness, appear by 2 Death by 4 No cure Clinical View-Tay-Sachs Clinical View-ALD Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) Caused by missing membrane in peroxisome Peroxisome cannot break down long chain fatty acid Affects nerve cells so they can not transmit impulses Clinical View-ALD Several forms-affects boys 4-10 First signs=lethargy, weakness, dizziness, low blood sugar, dark skin Later signs=slow heart rate, paralysis, blindness, loss of reflex, paralysis, death No cure, but no fat diet can help. Movie- Lorenzo’s Oil based on this disease Lorenzo’s Oil is oleic acid/rapeseed reduces long fatty acid molecules Clinical View-ALD Clinical View-MELAS Mitochondrial myopathy (weak muscles) Encephalopathy (brain disorder) Lactic Acidosis (lactic acid in muscles) Stroke-(impaired circulation in brain) Genetic problem in mitochondria Mitochondria cannot help make protein First presents with a stroke (4-15 yrs old) No cure, drugs only slightly effective Clinical View-MELAS Clinical View-Terms Anaplasia -loss of cell function Carcinogen -substance that causes cancer Dysplasia -cells and tissue that are not normal Hyperplasia -excessive cells Hypertrophy -increase in size of an organ Clinical View-Terms Malignant tumor -abnormal cell growth that invades surrounding tissue Metaplasia -transformation of one cell type into another Metastasis -movement of malignant cells into another part of the body Mutagen -something that causes a change in genes-may cause cancer Clinical View-Terms This scar is abnormally large. What are some terms that might be used to describe the scar? Clinical View-Terms This scar is abnormally large. What are some terms that might be used to describe the scar? Dysplasia Hyperplasia Clinical View-Terms These photos are from a 28 year old Nepalese man. What terms might be used to describe the condition? Clinical View-Terms These photos are from a 28 year old Nepalese man. What terms might be used to describe the condition? Hypertrophy Clinical View-Terms These lesions show abnormal cell growth that has invaded surrounding tissue. What terms might be used to describe the condition? Clinical View-Terms These lesions show abnormal cell growth that has invaded surrounding tissue. What terms might be used to describe the condition? Malignant tumor Metaplasia Metastasis Clinical View-Terms What terms might be used to describe the cigarette? What if it affected your genes? Clinical View-Terms What terms might be used to describe the cigarette? What if it affected your genes? Carcinogen Mutagen Wrap up 1. Draw a eukaryotic animal cell similar to page 77 and label all parts. Cell should be in color, on white paper, and 3-D. 2. Know three diseases that are caused by organelles not functioning properly. (p88) 3. Make a chart showing the organelles and their function