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Transcript
Cells Life Functions or Life ___________(Review) Humans and other complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry on the activities required for life. These life activities or processes include the following 1. ____________________ is the breakdown of food into simpler molecules which can then enter cells 2. _____________________ the movement of materials within an organism or its cells ________________ (locomotion) change in position by a living thing 3. _______________ is the removal of metabolic waste produced by an organism (wastes may include A. ________ ____________ exhaled B. water (__________) C. urea in urine and sweat) 4. __________________process which converts the energy in food (________) to ATP (the form of energy which can be ________ by the cells) 5. ________________ the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living thing but is needed by its _________ in order it can survive / continue. 6. ____________________ the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders. What type of cells are involved in this life function? _______________________ 7. ____________________ the control of the various activities of an organism. Mostly involves the _________ system and the endocrine glands AKA _____________ system in complex animals, (to be discussed later in this section) Cell Theory; It is generally accepted that cell theory includes: 1. The ________ is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms 2. All living things (_________________) are made up of one or more _______ examples 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. How ? By cell ________________, What are the two types of cells division? A.____________B ____________. 4. Exception to cell theory are _______________ CELLS There are two type of cells. (A) Prokaryote cells (B) Eukaryote cells What is the difference? ______________ _________________________________ _________________________________ What do we use to look at cells? ____________________Microscopes Cell can have many different shapes, look different, have different sizes and serve different function. What causes this????? Different __________ are turned on or off in cells depending on their location / environment in the organism. There are two basic type of Eukaryote ells. What are they? (A) ____________ (B) ______________ WHAT ARE CELL ORGANELLES? They are the sub-cell structures that perform the actual work of the cell, (Life ___________) to keep it alive. These structures (______________) in cells perform specific jobs, such as the transport of materials within the cell, energy capture and release, protein building, waste disposal, and information storage. Cell Organelles Cell Organelle Nucleus Nucleolus Function ______________ center of the cell Contains _________AKA ___________ AKA _______________ which directs the synthesis of proteins by the cell Found inside the ______________ Help in the formation of the ribosomes Cell Organelle Cytoplasm Function __________ part of the cell. Made up of mostly __________ All the __________ are suspended / floating in it. Mitochondria Carries on the process of cell respiration by converting ______________ to ATP energy the cell can use. Cell Organelle Endoplasmic reticulum (two types of ER) Function Transport channels within the cell. 1. rough ER has ____________on its surface and 2. smooth ER does not have ___________ on its surface) Ribosome Found on the endoplasmic reticulum and free within the cell’s liquid AKA _________. Responsible for the synthesis of _____________ for the cell, (good looking/ ugly) Cell Organelle Cell membrane Function Selectively regulates the materials moving in and out of the cell, (________ permeable) Cell Organelle Function Vacuole Stores items such as ________, digested food, w______ Contractile vacuole Pumps out wastes and excess water from the cell Cell Organelle Chloroplast Function Found in _________cells and algae. Carries on the process of __________________ Cell Organelle Lysosomes Function Contains digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion. What type of cells have a lot of lysosomes? __________ _______________ cells contain a lot of lysosomes Cell Organelle Function Cell wall Surrounds and supports plant cells. Made of _____________ or Golgi Apparatus THIS IS A TYPICAL _______________ CELL (you need ______________ & _______________ if this was a ______________ cell) Draw a typical plant cell below, use your text book to help you CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION The cell membrane or ___________ membrane performs a number of important functions for the cell. • The separation of the cell from its outside environment. • Controlling which molecules enter and ______ the cell. • Allows certain things in and certain things out of the cell. CERTAINLY!!! • Recognition of chemical signals (_____________). The surface of the cell contains molecules which recognize other molecules which may attach to or enter the cell. CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE The cell membrane consists of two layers of ________________ (like the wall in the classroom with two layers of sheet rock) with ___________ ____ embedded within these layers (like the doors and windows in the wall) Cell Membrane Structure Cell Membrane Processes There are two types of transport; A. Passive Transport requires energy Y or N ____ B. Active Transport requires energy Y or N ___ The processes of Passive and Active transport are important in the movement of materials in and out of cells. (A) Passive Transport There are two types of Passive Transport (A) ______________ (B) _______________ Diffusion a form of ________ transport is the movement of materials from a region of _________ concenteration to a region of ____________ concentration. The diagram at the right shows the movement of molecules from _________ concentration on side A to a _______ concentration on side B. (B) Active Transport In active transport, molecules move from a region of ___________ concentration to a region of __________ concentration (going up a stairs). As this process does not naturally occur, the cell has to use ____________ in the form of _________to make active transport occur. STATE LAB Diffusion Cell Membrane Receptors Many cell membranes have receptor molecules on their surface. These receptor sites play an important role in allowing cells and organs to _____________ with one another. Cellular Communication Hormonal Regulation (____________________) Hormones provide a primary way for cells to communicate with each other. A hormone is a ___________ messenger with a specific shape that travels through the ______________ influencing another target cell or target organ. Examples ___________________________________________ The graphic below shows how hormonal regulation can work in a plant cell. Animal cell hormonal regulation involves a similar mechanism A Hormonal Feedback Mechanism The illustration on the right shows how a hormone can bind to receptors on a cell membrane and trigger that cell to produce a needed compound. Upon reaching the cell the hormone is targeted for, the hormone often activates a gene within a cell to make another necessary compound. Examples insulin targets __________ Another example of this is provided by the pituitary gland, ( in your _____________). This gland at the base of the brain makes a hormone called LH (luteinizing hormone). This hormone travels through the ________________ and stimulates the ovary to produce yellow tissue that produces the hormone progesterone, which maintains the thickness of the uterus lining Nervous Regulation Nerve cells or ________________ communicate with each other. _________________ communications are one way organism can detect and respond to stimuli at both the cellular and organism level. Examples ________________________________ This detection and response to stimuli helps to maintain _____________________ in the cell or organism. Neurons may stimulate other nerve cells or muscle cells, thus causing the later to contract and produce movement. Structure and Function of a Nerve Cell Neuron Diagram Structures and their Functions 1. _______________ -- neuron branch which detects stimuli (changes in the environment) 2. ________________ -- body of the neuron where normal metabolic activities occur 3. _____________ -- longest dendrite covered by a myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation -- carries nerve message or impulse to the end brushes Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the gradual breaking up of the myelin sheath, causes death 4. end brushes -- release nerve chemicals called neurotransmitters which stimulate adjacent dendrites on the next neuron or a muscle cell Any change in nerve or hormone signals will change the communication between cells and organs in an organism and thus may cause problems for organism’s stability and ability to maintain homeostasis. Examples _____________________________ CELL CHEMISTRY Many organic ( compounds that contain _________ & ____________) and inorganic (compounds that do not contain __________ & ____________) substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Examples _____________________________ Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down through the life process of ______________ in order to enter cells. Organic Molecules and Digestive End Products Organic Molecule Digestive End Product(s) Carbohydrates simple sugars (____________) Proteins __________ acids Lipids (_________) fatty acids and glycerol