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Biology Study of life Properties of Life Living organisms: – composed of cells – complex and ordered – respond to environment – can grow and reproduce – obtain and use energy – maintain internal balance – allow for evolutionary adaptation Levels of Organization Cellular Organization cells organelles molecules atoms The cell is the basic unit of life. Levels of Organization Organismal Level organism organ systems organs tissues Ch 3. 1 Cells Early Scientists Anton van Leeuwenhoek First compound light microscope Robert Hooke Coined the term “cell” Matthias Schlieden All plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann All animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells Cell Theory 1. The cell is the basic unit of Life. 2. All living organisms are made up of cells. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells. Cell Size Cells are small Need small surface area in order to get enough nutrients What are the three parts to the cell theory? Who was the first to coin the term “Cell” Who were the three main scientist involved in the development of the cell theory? Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic- bacteria Eukaryotic- US Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler Commonly known as bacteria Single-celled(unicellular) or Filamentous (strings of single cells) These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin. Prokaryote cells simply built (example: E. coli) capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: alone colony: forms a film filamentous: forms a chain of cells Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: sunlight Decomposers: dead things Disease-causing: living things Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated Have organelles Have chromosomes can be multicellular include animal and plant cells Cell Organelles © J Beauchemin 2006 Cell Organelles Organelle= “little organ” only inside eukaryotic cells Cell Membrane Boundary of cell Made of phospholipid bilayer Nucleus Control center of cell Contains DNA Surrounded by double membrane Usually easiest organelle to see under a microscope Usually one per cell Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around cell Made of three types of filaments Endoplasmic Reticulum A.k.a. “ER” Connected to nuclear membrane Highway of cell Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; makes proteins Smooth ER: no ribosomes; makes lipids Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol Produced in a part of nucleus called nucleolus That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide? Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of plates Stores, modifies and packages proteins Molecules transported to and from Golgi by means of vesicles Lysosomes Garbage disposal of cell Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes Which organelles do lysosomes work with? Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell” Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for cell to use Bound by a double membrane Has its own strand of DNA Chloroplast Only in plant cells Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Site of food (glucose) production Bound by a double membrane Light +CO2 + H2O --> Carbohydrate (glucose) + O Cell Wall Found in plant and bacterial cells Rigid, protective barrier Located outside of the cell membrane Made of cellulose (fiber) Vacuoles Large central vacuole usually in plant cells Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture? Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in animal cells Made of microtubules Where else have we talked about microtubules? Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell? Which organelle holds the cell together? Which organelles are not found in animal cells? Which organelle helps plant cells make food? What does E.R. stand for? Homework Pg 65 Studying Concepts 3,5, 6 & 8 Restate