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Transcript
Chapter 3 Cells © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cells • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things • Cell or plasma membrane • Nucleus © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Nucleus • Most important organelle within the cell • Function – Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division • DNA and chromatin • Chromosomes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope – Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell • Nucleoplasm – A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Nucleolus – Reservoir for RNA • Ribosomes – Serves at site for protein synthesis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Cytoplasm – Provides an organized watery environment, in which life functions take place by the activities of the organelles contained in the cytoplasm • Centrosome – Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum – Provides passage through which transport of substances occurs in cytoplasm • Mitochondria – Serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production; stores ATP © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Golgi apparatus – Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell • Lysosomes – Serve as center for cellular digestion © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Perioxisomes – Enzymes oxidize cell substances • Cytoskeleton – Forms internal framework © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of Organelles • Pinocytic vesicles – Method by which large molecules can enter the cell • Cilia and flagella – Create movement © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cellular Metabolism • Chemical reactions occur within the cells • Energy supplied by ATP • ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats we eat © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cell Division • Meiosis – Involves reproduction • Mitosis – Involves growth and maintenance of cells © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Meiosis • Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete • Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23 • Fertilization • Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Mitosis • Cell division – Division of the nucleus – Division of the cytoplasm © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Mitosis Stages • Phase I – Interphase (resting stage) • Phase II – Prophase • Phase III – Metaphase © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Mitosis Stages • Phase IV – Anaphase • Phase V – Telophase • Cycle back to interphase © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cell Death • Necrosis • Apoptosis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Stem Cells • Embryonic stem cells • Adult stem cells • Umbilical cord blood stem cells © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Protein Synthesis • Cells produce proteins • DNA • RNA © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes • Passive transport – Do not require an energy source • Active transport – Require an energy source © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Passive Transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Active Transport • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Specialization • Nerve cells – Specialize in response • Red blood cells – Specialize in oxygen transport • May lose some functions, such as reproduction • Interdependence among cells © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation – Anatomy of a Typical Cell Click Here to play Typical Cell animation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Aging • Aging is a phase of normal development • Older person may have 30% fewer cells • Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Aging • Physiologic changes are universal and progressive • Aging is not a disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Cell Structure • Atrophy • Hypertrophy • Hyperplasia © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of Cell Structure • Metaplasia • Dysplasia • Neoplasia © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Tumor • When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern • Also called neoplasms • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning