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Cells Cell Discovery 1665 • Robert Hooke: Around the time of Newton – discovered the cell while looking through a microscope – Saw dead cells of a cork plant – Called them cells because they related to his ‘cell’: the room he lived in at the monestary Discovery of Cells 1673 • Leeuwenhoek – first biologist to see living organisms with microscope • Discovered single – celled organisms called prokaryotes Discovery of Cells • Other scientist have contributed to the recognition of cells!!! • Scientist such as Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow all studied cells Discovery of Cells • Schleiden – examined plant tissue - said all plants are composed of cells • Schwann – examined animal tissue - said they must contain cells as well • Virchow - said cells come from existing cells • All these scientist’s work led to the cell theory!!!! Cell Theory 150 Years Later 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism 3. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells Microscopes Compound Light Microscopes • Uses glass lenses and light to produce a magnified image • Can magnify a small image to almost 2000x its size!!! Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Body tube Objective Clip Condenser Iris diaphragm Coarse adjustment Fine adjustment Arm Stage Condenser control knob Mirror Base 8 Hierarchy of Organization • Remember two characteristics of life 1)Most contain cells 2)Can be highly organized Cells are small units with special functions!!! They will work together to carry out these special functions. Hierarchy or Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organ Organs System Organisms Cell Diversity • 200 different types of cells in our body • Most are microscopic • Few can be seen without a microscope – Frog egg cells – Giraffe nerve cell in leg (2 meters long) Cell Shapes • Why are cells shaped differently? Shape Determines Function!! Cell Shapes • What does a nerve cell look like? • How does a skin cell appear? Cell Shapes • What about a white blood cell? • Why?? Shape Determines Function!! Why are Cells so Small? • Surface area to volume ratio!! – As a cell gets larger, it adds volume faster than it adds surface area – (In English) The bigger the inside, the less area there is on the outside for stuff to pass through • Modeling Activity Internal Organization • Cells have structures called organelles – Perform specific functions in the cell – Like miniature organs Cell Types • There are two types of cells • 1) Prokaryotic - means no true nucleus - No membrane –bound organelles - Smaller in size Example: Bacterial Cells • 2) Eukaryotic – means true nucleus - Membrane – bound organelles - Larger in size Example: Plants, Animals, Fungi Prokaryotic Cells • They have a cell (plasmsa) membrane and a cell wall • Nucleoid – Region where DNA is contained • Other organelles such As ribosomes ** REMEMBER NO MEMBRANES WILL BE AROUND ANY ORGANELLES FOUND IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS Eukaryotic Cells • Two Types • 1) Animal Cells Cells 2) Plant Organelles • Inside these cells are organelles . • What is an organelle?????? • An organelle is are internal structure within the cell that performs certain functions!! • Each organelle has a special function and each organelle is unique in shape. • Where are they found? In the cytoplasm of the cell Cytoplasm • A jelly-like substance found in the cell • Where reactions will occur in a cell • Where organelles can be found in a cell Cytoplasm Animal Cell Organelles • Cytosol: Soup of the cell – “Bathes” other organelles with nutrients • Cell membrane: Gatekeeper – Controls what goes in or out of the cell Animal Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic Reticulum – E.R. Tube-like canals - Two Types of E.R. 1) S. E. R. –Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) R. E. R. – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth – lacks ribosomes – makes proteins and lipids Rough – has ribosomes on it – makes protein to be carried out the cell Mitochondria Mitochondria The “powerhouse” of the cell. This is where cellular respiration occurs and where energy is made!!! Golgi Apparatus or Bodies • - Golgi Apparatus – or called golgi bodies They are sac-like structure Will receive proteins from the E.R. Their main function is to package and ship the proteins out of the cell. (UPS Center) Lysosomes Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes that will breakdown unwanted waste from the cell. -Will breakdown other cell parts that are not needed and breaks down food -Police force and Recycle center Cell Types • Prokaryotic - No true nucleus - No membrane –bound organelles - Smaller in size • Eukaryotic - True nucleus - Membrane – bound organelles - Larger in size