Download Cells: The Basic Units of Life

Organization of
Life
Chapter 2
Two Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
• Contain
organelles
surrounded by
membranes
• Most living
organisms
Cellular Organization
• 1-Cell- basic unit of
structure and function in
living things.
• 2-Tissue- group of cells
that function together to
carry out an activity.
• 3-Organ- group of two or
more tissues that perform
an activity together.
• 4-Organ system- group of
organs that work together
to perform a major life
function
•.
• 5-Organism- an entire
living thing that carries
out all the basic life
functions.
Organism
Organ
system
Organ
Tissue
Cells
The Discovery of the
Cell
• Robert Hooke
discovered and
named cells in
1665 when he
examined thin
slices of cork
with a
compound
microscope he
designed.
• “Cells” got
their name
because they
reminded
Hooke of the
small, boxy
living quarters
of monks.
• Perhaps inspired
by Hooke, Anton
van Leeuwenhoek
took up
microscopy and
built more than
500 microscopes,
grinding the
lenses himself.
• This enabled
him to discover
and describe
red blood cells
and bacteria
taken from
scrapings off
his teeth.
Schleiden and Schwann
• Schleiden used microscopes to
observe plant cells.
• Schwann observed animal cells
under microscopes.
• Schleiden and Schwann
summarized their observations and
conclusions into the cell theory.
Virchow
Approximately 20 years
later Virchow saw that
cells could not develop
from anything except
other cells.
The Cell Theory
All living
things are
made of cells.
Cells are the
basic units
of structure
and function
in
living things.
Living cel
come onl
from othe
living cel
Cells
The Basic Units of
Life
Objectives
• 1. Identify major cell organelles
given a diagram.
• 2. Distinguish between plant and
animal cells given a diagram of a
plant.
• 3. Identify the cell organelle in
which photosynthesis occurs.
Cell Wall
• Supports and
protects plant
cells.
• Made of nonliving cellulose.
• Makes plants
stiff.
Cell Membrane
• Is found on the
outside of the
cell.
• Allows materials
to pass into and
out of the cell.
• Protects the cell
and supports it.
Gate of the cell
Nucleus
• The large oval
structure.
• Directs the
activities of the
cell like a “brain”
• Contains the
nucleolus and
chromosomes.
Control center
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds the nucleus and
allows materials to pass into or
out of the nucleus.
Chromosomes/Chromatin
• Thick, rodlike
objects that
direct the
activities of the
cell and passes
on its traits to
new cells.
Nucleolus
• The round
nucleolus is
located inside
the nucleus.
• It produces
ribosomes and is
responsible for
making new and
repairing cells.
Ribosome factory
Cytoplasm
• Clear, thick, jelly-like substance
in the cell between the nucleus
and the cell membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Clear, tubular
passageways that
carry proteins
from one part of
the cell to
another. It is the
transportation
system for the
cell.
Roadways
Ribosomes
• Where
amino acids
are
assembled
into proteins.
Protein factory
Mitochondria
• Rod shaped
structures that
break down food
and release
energy. This
energy will be
used in the cell’s
reactions.
Power plants
Vacuoles
• Plant cells
have very
large vacuoles
• Stores water
and other
materials
Vacuoles/Animal Cells
• Round waterfilled sacs that
store food and
water for the
cell.
Storage units
Lysosomes
• Small, round
structures that
digest food and
break down old
cells.
Cleanup Crew
Golgi Apparatus
• flattened
membrane sacs
that package cell
material and ship
them to other
organelles or out
of the cell.
Post Office
VESICLES
• Storage
centers
for the
cell
Chloroplasts
• Green, irregularly
shaped structures
that capture the
energy of
sunlight and
produces food
through the
process of
photosynthesis.
Energy producers