* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Multiple Choice - Net Start Class
Survey
Document related concepts
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Chromatophore wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Hyaluronic acid wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Fall 2010 Semester Review Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy 1. Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure, whereas physiology is the study of the body’s function. 2. List the hierarchy of an organism atoms→molecules→macromolecules→organelles→cells→tissues→organs→systems→organism 3. ipsilateral on the same side 4. contralateral on the opposite side 5. Know where the following body regions are 1. Lumbar - lower back 2. Gluteal - buttox 3. Occipital - back of head 4. Femoral - upper leg 5. Vertebral - back 6. Brachial - upper arm 6. parietal lines cavity vs. visceral lines organ 7. proper anatomical position standing erect, palms forward, feet forward 8. Know the body planes Transverse1. Frontal - lengthwise, side to side, divides body into anterior and posterior portions 2. Sagittal - Lengthwise, front to back, divides body into left and right sides 3. Transverse - crosswise, divides body or parts into upper and lower parts, horizontal plane. 4. Coronal – frontal plane 9. Which two body cavities are separated by the diaphragm? 10. The ability of an organism to react to stimuli is responsiveness. 11. List the four macromolecules and example of each. carbohydrate- sugar (glucose) and starch protein – enzymes, catalysts nucleotides- DNA, RNA lipids- fats, phospholipids 12. Protein Structure 1. primary - describes the order of amino acids 2. secondary - 3d shape that results from hydrogen bonding between amino acid 3. tertiary - additional 3D shaping that results from interaction among R groups. 4. quaternary - assembled from 2 or more separate peptide chains. 13. All organic compounds contain carbon. Unit 2: Cytology 1. Phospholipids provide the structural foundation for cell membranes. 2. The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is a(n) cell 3. Functions of the cell membrane self-identification, receptor site for messages, selective barrier 4. The structure in white blood cells associated with the enzymatic breakdown of foreign material is the lysosome 5. The major function of ribosomes is to synthesize protein 6. The area of cytoplasm that coordinates the building and breaking of mictrotubules is called the centrosome 7. The nucleolus is composed chiefly of rRNA 8. In the cell membrane, the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid molecule is in the center of the phospholipids 9. The presence of this substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily. cholesterol 10. The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the glycoprotein/glycolipid (carbohydrate) 11. List the cell fibers in order from largest to smallest microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments 12. Carrier proteins are needed in facilitated diffusion in order to transport large polar molecules 13. State whether the following are examples of passive or active transport a. Facilitated diffusion passive b. Osmosis passive c. Endocytosis active d. Dialysis passive e. Phagocytosis active 14. A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be hypertonic 15. Materials can be moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration via active transport 16. If a 35% glucose solution is separated from a 15% glucose solution by a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to glucose, what would happen? Water would move from the 15% to the 35% 17. The location on an enzyme where it binds to the substance it acts on is called the active site 18. List facts about enzymes - It is a functional protein, It lowers the activation energy, It is recycled throughout the cell 19. Identify the correct path for the formation of a protein as it travels through the cell nucleus to ER to vesicle to golgo to secretory vesicle to plasma membrane 20. Anabolism builds up vs. catabolism breaks down 21. Which type of cellular disease is a result of chloride ions not being pumped across the cell membrane and causes frequent lung infections? Cystic fibrosis Unit 3: Histology 1. The study of tissues is referred to as histology 2. Keloids effect this tissue connective 3. Most widespread and abundant tissue connective 4. Lines body cavities and protects body surfaces epithelial 5. Tissue that has the best regeneration epithelial 6. Type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs fibrocartilage 7. Type of cartilage present in outer ear elastic 8. most abundant cartilage hyaline 9. Hematopoeisis is the formation of blood cells. 10. What epithelial function is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? secretion 11. List functions of epithelial tissue. protection, sensory, secretion, absorption, excretion 12. Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium is found in the epidermis 13. Oil-producing glands that self destruct in order to release their product are referred to as holocrine 14. List functions of connective tissue. structural support, metabolic components, blood components, defense 15. List functions of adipose tissue - Insulates to conserve body heat, Supports and protects organs, Stores excess food. 16. What are neuroglia? Support neurons 17. The structural and functional unit of bone is a(n) osteon Elastic connective 18. All cartilaginous tissue has what type of cells chondrocytes Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial Stratified squamos epithelial Reticular Adipose Areolar (loose connective) Smooth muscle Nervous Cardiac muscle Unit 4: Integumentary System 1. Prolonged exposure to the sun causes melanocytes to increase melanin production 2. What tissue type primarily makes up the dermis? connective 3. The layer of skin that lacks blood vessels epidermis 4. What does your body need in order to absorb calcium? Vitamin D and calcitriol 5. An accumulation of nerve endings that allow the skin to feel deep pressure and vibration are known as pacinian corpuscles 6. The dermal papillae are responsible for fingerprints and grip 7. The body compensates for the increase in core body temperature by increasing blood flow to skin 8. The order of epidermal layers from superficial to deep are stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale 9. What is the area of skin that receives “sub-Q” injections? Hypodermis/subcutaneous 10. Smooth muscles that produce goose bumps when they contract are the arrector pili muscle 11. Hair growth is influenced by what factors? nutrition, hormones, circulation 12. What skin accessory organ contains the most keratin? nails 13. What are the ABCDs to detect skin cancer? Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter 14. Rule of Nines 15. Gland that produces ear wax ceruminous 16. Gland that produces sweat with odor apocrine 17. Gland that produces secretes sebum to lubricate hair sebaceous 18. acne is a result of an infection in this gland sebaceous 19. most common type of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma 20. least common and most deadly skin cancer malignant melanoma 21. Characteristics of each degree of burns First degree - most shallow / superficial; effect only top layer of skin Second degree - extend into middle skin layer Third degree - involves all three layers of skin; destroys sweat glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings; painless at site 22. Layer of epidermis that contains a eleiden lucidum 23. Layer of epidermis that contains keratohyalin granulosum 24. Layer of epidermis that gradually sheds through bathing corneum 25. Layer of epidermis that undergoes active mitosis basale 26. Layer of epidermis closest to blood supply basale 27. Layer of dermis that contains Meissner corpuscles papillary 28. Layer of dermis that contains collagen and elastin reticular 29. Skin disorder that has a bluish color caused by lack of oxygen cyanosis 30. Skin disorder that has redness due to heat, inflammation, fever, embarrassment erythema 31. Skin disorder where melanocytes do not produce any melanin albinism 32. Skin disorder that has blood accumulated under skin hematoma 33. Fungal infection characterized with reddish discoloration, scaling, crusting tinea 34. Sores created by tissue damage due to lack of blood flow Decubitus Ulcers 35. Cutaneous inflammation triggered by stress, trauma, or infection Psoriasis 36. Contagious benign neoplasms warts 37. Bacterial infection in children that could be life threatening Impetigo 38. Red, itchy skin caused by allergens contact dermititis Unit 5: Skeletal System 1. Functions of the skeletal system Support, movement, protection, hematopoiesis, mineral storage 2. What type of cartilage is found on the ends of long bones? hyaline 3. What is the scientific name for a mature bone cell? osteocyte 4. In bone formation, the cells that produce the matrix are the osteoblast 5. The primary ossification center of a long bone is located in the diaphysis and responsible for bone lengthening 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Steps to heal a fracture Fracture hematoma Bony callus Repaired bone Endochondral ossification produces most of the skeletal system and forms bone from hyaline cartilage Bones of appendicular and axial skeleton Number of bones in appendicular 106 and axial 80 skeleton Which skull bone articulates with the first vertebrate? occipital The layman’s name for the clavicle is the collar bone The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the femur A hunchback appearance of the thoracic region is likely due to kyphosis Exaggerated lumber curve is due to what disorder? Lordosis frontal bone classification flat vertebrate classification irregular metatarsal classification long carpal classification short Type of marrow found everywhere in infants red Type of marrow responsible for hematopoiesis red Hormone that decreases the amount of blood calcium levels calcitonin Hormone responsible for growth spurts and epiphyseal plate closure estrogens and androgens Hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and promotes cell growth growth hormone concentric rings of compact bone lamellae cavities that house osteocytes lacunae central canal of each osteon that houses blood vessels Haversion canal little canals that connect lamellae canaliculi. Unit 6: Articulations 1. The epiphyseal plate is made up of what cells? chondrocytes 2. instrument that measures ROM goniometer 3. Joint disorder where the articular surfaces not in proper contact dislocation 4. Joint disorder that causes progressive crippling and deformity Rheumatoid arthritis 5. List all types of a fibrous joints Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses Matching A. condyloid (ellipsoidal) B. hinge C. ball and socket D. pivot E. saddle 6. Type of joint that has distal end of the radius articulating with the carpal bones D 7. Thumb is what type of joint E 8. Knee is what type of joint B 9. Humeroscapular joint is what type of joint C AB. gliding Matching A. gomphoses B. biaxial C. symphysis D. suture BC. synchondroses CD. multiaxial 10. distal end of the radius articulating with the carpal bones AB 11. sprain causes damage to this type of joint E 12. joint between true ribs and body of sternum BC 13. found only in the skull D 14. ball and socket joint CD Type of Movement 15. lifting the arms away from the midline aBduction 16. increasing joint angle; kicking a football extension 17. hands of waiter balancing a tray supine 18. turning sole of foot inward inversion 19. opening your mouth depression 20. bringing fingers together aDduction E. syndesmoses AB. uniaxial