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What are genetically changed
organisms and why leave the
origin species of each
country?
Contents:
Traditional biotechnology and genetic
engeneering
What are the GMO? (history,developement of
gene engeneering)
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants
Gentic engeneering methodes
EU legislation
Uses of GMO-advantages
Uses of GMO-disadvantages and risks
Care for the authochthonic/ original vegetation
GMO of next generation
Traditional biotechnology and
genetic engeneering
Traditional biotechnology (traditional selection and breeding
techniques-production of organisms with more desirable
charachteristics –via mutations and recombinations of existing
genes between genotypes; neer relationships
 industrial use of living organisms to produce foods,drugs
or other products
 small assortiment of genes
Genetic engeneering – technic enable the identification of many
genes which confer desirable charachteristics and transfer them
to organisms which did not posess them before; single-celled
organisms with modified DNA are used to produce different
products
genes can be transfered, multiplied,retained or expressed in new
combination that not exist in a nature; genes can be transfered
also between different species
Biotechnology in service of
mankind
Traditional selection and breeding techniques as
fermentation processes, used live organisms such
as yeast and bacteria for production of bread,
cheese, yoghourt, beer, vine etc.
More extensive use of GMO at present leeds to
intensive production of useful substances such as
insuline (1979), growth hormone or the blood
clotting factor. Human genes encoding for these
products have been successfully transfered into
the DNA of microorganisms. This allows large
scale production of these substances for medical
use in so called “bioreactors”.
What are the GMO?
Are organisms in which genetic material
has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating and / or natural
recombination
In principle, genes from any species could
be inserted into any other species
GMO - history
1983 – first plant transformation (insertion of
bacterial gene in tobacco plant)
1986 – first field experiment with transgenes
plant (tobacco plant)
1992 – first economic production of transgene
plant (virus resistant tobacco plant, China)
1994 – first economic (market) production of
transgene plant for food (tomato with slow
decrease of softening USA)
Purpose of gentic
engeneering on plants
Resistance to diseases and pathogenes (bacteria,
fungi, viruses, insects…)
Resistance to novel herbicides
Protection against abiotic stress – salinity,
drought, frost…
Functional food (cancer protecting tomato, …)
Improved nutritional value in different food
products
Increased amount of vitamins in products (golden
rice – provitamin A)
Improved aroma, taste and structure of
agricultural products
Improved fiber quality (cotton)
Gentic engeneering
methodes
Elementary methodes for bacteria genes
developed in early 60’s
Other methodes for different organisms in
80’s
Transformation = insert of naked DNA in
form of plasmides using “gene gun” or with
help of vectors – bacterial plasmides
TECHNOLOGY OF
RECOMBINATION
1.
Isolation of DNA molecule from donor organism,
cut with enzymes (restriction endonucleases) and
join with other DNA from s.c. clone carrier
(vector) – new recombinant DNA
2.
New DNA is inserted in to a host cell (plant or
bacterial) =TRANSFORMATION; the foreign DNA
becomes a permanent feature of the host, being
replicated and passed on to daughter cells along
with the rest of its DNA
3.
Host cells which already have inserted DNA are
separated from other cells which are not yet
transformed
The most frequent
transformation places
Apical- meristematic cells
Reproduction cells (gametes)
Embrios
Range of transformation
Laboratories ( 100 different plant species)
Field experiments (more then 50 plant
species)
Market production (21 different plant
species with 85 different genetic elements
(2002)
Field releases of GMO in
the world
Year
Mio. ha
1996
2,8
1997
12,8
1998
27,8
1999
39,9
2000
44,5
2001
52,6
2002
58,7
2003
67,7
The most desirable
agricultural GMO species
(2003)
GMO field species
Area of field used for
GMO (%)
soybean
55
rape
16
cotton
21
corn
11
Field releases of GMO’s in
2003 by country
Country
% of all
USA
64
Argentina
21
Canada
6
China
4
Other
5
Field releases of GMO’ s in
1995 by country- EUROPE
France
93 %
Belgium
56 %
UK
47 %
Netherlands
42 %
Italy
19 %
Germany
11 %
Spain
10 %
Demnark
10 %
Portugal
4%
EU legislation
For protection of health of citizens and
the environment
As well as ensuring a single unified
market for biotechnology
Documents
Dir.2001-18-EC
Purpose
Releasing of GMO to the
environment ( base for
food, feeding stuffs, seeds
Reg. 258/97/EEC
“New food”
Reg. 1139/98/EEC
Declarations (protection of
consumers)
Reg. 49/2000/EEC
1% values of GMO in food
Uses of GMO-advantages
Economical benefits in the case of sugar
beet (GB)





use of selective herbicide decrease income for
5-15%
GMO plant needs less sprinkling, instead 4-6
just 2-3; 27 instead of 100 pounds
seeds costs more
less machine cultivation
less fuel used -> less emission of CO2 in the
athmosphere
Advantages (2.)
Economical benefits – in the case
of GMO-Bt corn from Spain
 corn butterfly makes about 15 %
of damage
 an average field production is
12,54 t/ha, GMO corn 13,35 t/ha
 saving 150 EUR per ha
Advantages (3.)
Herbicid tolerance
Insect resistance
Virus resistance
Quality improvement
Less use of herbicides
Disadvantages, risks
Gene expression –Mendel’ s law of independent
assortiment - every gene determinate one
charachteristics
– more genes determines one characteristics or
more genes determine more characteristics
=>changing one gene may influence in change of
more features
Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell
expression of genes may change –one period are
active some genes and second period another
genes– how to determine exactely expression of a
new inserted gene?
Risks (2.)
Coincidence of genes of different organisms
exl: plants, animals, people eating plants-plants are
developed defense against herbivores- toxines
In thousands of years genetically supported
nevtralisations for undesirable vegetable products
developed (in our saliva)
Evolution – selection are always linked with food –
too sensitive persons (food) dissapeared from
population
New food (exotic or GMO) – increase of alergy
Digestion of proteins in intestinum – procese can
stop in the level of undigested particles -> biotic
effects???
Risks (3.)
Pollination
 transfere of pollen and genes by
insects even in the area of more km
from field with GMO
 usually inside the species
 rare between relative species
 very rare or periodical transfer
between different species (weed)
Risks (4.)
Transfer of genes from GMO to weed
plant- develope of high tolerante weeds
GM plant become weed – high herbicide
tolerance –difficulties with control of
growth
The migration of inserted genes from
cultivated plants to wild species
Artificially created selection pressure
could lead to a dominance of GMO
Risks (5.)
Transfer of genes to microorganisms
Appereance of high tolerant injurer
(insects, viruses, bacteria)
Toxical properties for nontarget
organisms (corn butterfly-> monarch
butterfly; bees, birds…)
Polithic strathegy in EU
countries
EU - possibilities for all types of
agriculture (classic, ecological, GMO…)
Consumer must have possibility to choose
between GMO and others; declarations on
food articles are obligated
Each EU country can choose freelly her
own strathegy for use of GMO;by
consideration of EU Directives
Care for the
authochthonic/ original
vegetation
International convention of biotic diversity
FAO contract on plant and genetic food
and agriculture resources
EU common programme for plant gene
resources net
EU project – protecting the biotic
diversity on ecological farming
GMO of next generation
Improving of nourishing values of food


macronutrients (peptides, carbohydrates,
lipids)
micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
New applications




target proteins
transformation of plastids (chloroplasts)
oral vaccine matter and medicines
elimination of selection genes
GMO of next generation
New agricultural interesting
charachteristisc
 modifficated growth
Stress toleranced plants (draught,
frost, salinity, shadow)
Plants producst as new biomaterials