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Transcript
Individuals survive orevolve… don’t survive… Individuals DON’T Populations evolve Individuals reproduce or don’t… Individuals are selected Populations evolve! Definition of evolution: change in the allele frequency in a population over time. 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift Non-random mating Selection Gene Pool • The sum total of all the genes present in a population at any one time. AA AA aa AA Aa aa Aa • The state of the gene pool will indicate if the population is stable or undergoing evolutionary change. aa Aa AA AA aa Aa AA A gene pool made up of 16 individuals Aa Gene Pool Geographic boundary of the gene pool Individual is homozygous recessive (aa) AA Aa AA AA aa Aa Aa Individual is homozygous dominant (AA) aa aa AA Aa aa Aa Aa AA AA Individual is heterozygous (Aa) A gene pool made up of 16 individual organisms with gene A, and where gene A has two alleles Analyzing a Gene Pool • By determining the frequency of allele types (e.g. A and a) and genotypes (e.g. AA, Aa, and aa) it is possible to determine the state of the gene pool. Stable allele frequencies over time indicates no evolution Changing allele frequencies over time indicates evolution is occurring Aa Aa AA aa Aa AA Aa Aa aa Determining Allele Frequencies • To determine the frequencies of alleles in the population, count up the numbers of dominant and recessive alleles, regardless of the combinations in which they occur. Aa AA aa Aa AA Aa No. of dominant alleles Aa Total no. of alleles Aa Determining Genotype Frequencies • To determine the frequencies of different genotypes in the population, count up the actual number of each genotype in the population and divide by the total number of individuals: homozygous dominant (AA) heterozygous (Aa) homozygous recessive (aa). Aa AA aa Aa AA Aa Aa Aa
