Download GENES

By: Nick Belsanti and Kevin Kukla
Translation
 The DNA of a cell makes mRNA which travels to the
ribosome where it reads the sequence of the ribosome
and then produces the protein by making amino acids
that combine.
Translation
 Amino acids are put into the ribosome by the tRNA and
three letters at a time it is translated onto the mRNA until
it forms the ribosome. This entire process is called
TRANSLATION.
 Other times the ribosomes embed themselves into the
Endoplasmic Reticulum and the protein chains coil within
the E.R. this process helps make the Golgi apparatus.
Transcription
 In transcription of DNA, transcription factors are
assembled at a specific place on the DNA, an RNA
polymerase attaches to these factors
 it is referred to a transcription initiation complex,
Transcription
 activator proteins start the complex which travels
down the double helix of DNA dividing it and copying
one strand to form a template for synthesis of an RNA
molecule.
 the 3’ untranslated region is the section of the mRNA
where the coding sequence stops the 5’ untranslated
region is located just before the mRNA coding sequence.
These sequences help regulate the protein synthesis
making them critical steps
Exons and Introns
 Non coding DNA is transcribed into functional non
coding RNA molecules like mRNA and tRNA. Exons in
RNA are the sequences in the primary transcript that
are found in the mRNA, Introns are RNA sequences
between exons that are removed by splicing.
Exons and Introns
 Splicing is the process when an RNA molecule (after
transcription)in which the introns are removed and the
exons are joined.
 in coding segments exons are part of the 1.5% coding
DNA, in non coding segments introns are part of the
98.5% non coding DNA.
Exome and Introme
 What is an exome?- The exome consists of all the
genome’s exons, which are the regions that get
translated as proteins.
 What is an introme? – The introme consists of the
introns, which are segments of DNA not needed
to code for a protein.
Exome
 GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study)
 Exome Sequences
 Variants; mutations; diseases
 Issues?
Intron
 What are introns
 Purposes
 Genome “Junk”
MicroRNA
 “Gene with a gene”
 MirTRON
 http://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/what-exome-
sequencing
 http://www.broadinstitute.org/news/2706
 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/asoh-
sff103012.php
 http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/intronintrons-67
 http://www.exiqon.com/what-are-microRNAs
 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728457
The END