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Chapter 1-2: Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century By PresenterMedia.com A Breakdown Mendel’s Work Item 1 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Genetic Variation Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes Mendel’s Work • Essential Point #1: Mendel’s work on pea plants established the principles of gene transmission from parent to offspring that serve as the foundation for the science of genetics. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance • Essential Point #2: The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance explains how genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance • Terms to know: • Diploid (2n): 2 copies; found in body cells. • Homologous chromosomes: chromosomes appear in pairs. They are identical in size and location of centromeres. • Mitosis/Meiosis: Replication and division of chromosomes for cell distribution. • Haploid (n): half the copies; found in gametes. • Allele: alternative forms of a gene • Phenotype: observable features. • Genotype: the set of alleles for a given trait in the genetic code. Genetic Variation Results from any heritable change. • Discovery of mutations in eye color in Drosophila, fruit fly, the most common model organism in genetics. • These mutations can be found in the genes of gametes and are passed through sexual reproduction. • Genetic Variation • Heritable changes are called MUTATIONS. • MUTATIONS can: • Cause no change • Cause beneficial changes/ Natural Selection • Cause harmful changes The Search for DNA or Protein? • • Many researchers thought proteins were the chemical responsible for the passage of genes from parent to offspring. 1944: Avery, etal proved that DNA was responsible for carrying genetic information in bacteria. Questions to Consider • • Can we apply Mendel’s theories to the inheritance of all traits? Give examples. Why was it difficult for scientists to accept Avery, etal claim that DNA was the mechanism of heredity in 1944? (hint: when did Watson, Crick, and Franklin publish their findings?) 1.3: Discovery of the Double Helix and Molecular Genetics • • Once Avery, etal proved that DNA was the mechanism of inheritance, the stage was set in the discovery of its structure. 1953: Watson & Crick described the molecular structure of DNA. • Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 Gene Expression: from DNA to phenotype Also known as the Central Dogma Proteins and Biological Function • Proteins are the product of genetic expression. • • • 20 different Amino Acids = the building blocks of proteins. Lets do the math… • • • • What is/are the functions of proteins in living organisms? Protein that contains 100 amino acids can have any one of the 20 A.A.’s at each location 20 100 = 5 trillion possibilities!!! 3-dimensional conformation of the protein is essential to its biological function. Enzymes = shape is ESSENTIAL for bonding with chemicals at the active site. Case Study Sickle Cell Trait Phenotype and Genotype: Sickle cell trait RESULT: Can’t bind to oxygen for transport.