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Transcript
DO NOW Are genetic differences good? In your groups, brainstorm 3 reasons why genetic diversity can be beneficial KARYOTYPE & CHROMOSOME IRREGULARITIES Karyotype A picture of chromosomes used to detect chromosomal abnormalities. Autosomal (somatic): Pairs 1-22 Sex: Pair 23 Non-disjunction Mutations CAUSE: Chromosomes don’t separate correctly during anaphase EFFECT: gametes with irregular chromosome number replication error of error of crossing over Changes in chromosome structure Deletion loss of a chromosomal segment Duplication repeat a segment Inversion reverses a segment Translocation move segment from one chromosome to another Single Chromosome Mutations Autosomal Chromosomes: 1. Down Syndrome- Trisomy #21 Sex Chromosomes: 1. Turner’s Syndrome (X)- Monosomy X 2. 3. 4. Female, sterile, heart defects Male, but have some female characteristics (Extra breast tissue) Kleinfelter’s Syndrome (XXY) Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY) Not huge effect, problems in testes fertility Not a problem, every x chromosome except 1 is turned into an inactive, Barr Body XXX 1. Ex. Calico Cats always female Klinefelter’s Syndrome- XXY Turner syndrome- X_ Down Syndrome & Age of mother Mother’s age Incidence of Down Syndrome Under 30 <1 in 1000 30 1 in 900 35 1 in 400 36 1 in 300 37 1 in 230 38 1 in 180 39 1 in 135 40 1 in 105 42 1 in 60 44 1 in 35 46 1 in 20 48 1 in 16 49 1 in 12 Barr Body Chromosome Set Mutations Extra Sets = “ PLOIDY” Common in plants/fungi, usually not successful in animals Can lead to evolution! PROKARYOTIC GENETIC EXCHANGE Prokaryotic Genetics Haploid Reproduce by Binary Fission Reproduce, and MUTATE very easily Bacterial Conjugation: “Sex Pilus” connects 2 cells & passes genetic material Genetics recombine Plasmid Prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosomes AND small DNA molecules called PLASMIDS Plasmids move easily during Conjugation HUMANS ARE COOL, BUT WHY IS IT BETTER TO BE A BACTERIA? Genetic changes increase survival and can lead to evolution!
