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Mav Mark 1 Photosynthesis Review Plants produce Oxygen (O2) and Glucose (C6H12O6) Light (dependent) reaction: Make O2 by splitting H2O Calvin Cycle (light independent) reaction: make glucose (C6H12O6) from CO2 and H ions 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration 3 Respiration/Photosynthesis You take the Glucose, swallow it down C6H12O6 is in town You need some O2, that’s oxygen So the respiration party can begin Now do the flip side, girl just switch it You take some water and then you mix it With some CO2 and see to your surprise This photosynthesis thing ain’t no lie And I was like H2- H2- H2O just CO2 & H2O We’ll make some oxygen that’s O and all the sugar is mine 4 Cellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP 5 Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place? 6 Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers. 7 Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Inner membrane 8 Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction 9 Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance. Or the gain of oxygen. Oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP 10 Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance. Or the loss of oxygen. Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ATP 11 Redox Reactions In Cellular Respiration Glucose is oxidized to Carbon Dioxide Oxygen is reduced to Water In Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide is reduced to Glucose Water is oxidized to Oxygen 12 Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen (must be breathing!) Steps 1. 2. 3. Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Kreb’s Cycle (mitochondria) Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria) Anaerobic Respiration 1. 2. 3. Anaerobic=without oxygen Glycolysis Lactic Acid Fermentation: Animals Alcoholic Fermentation: Plants/Yeast (fungi) Breakdown of Cellular Respiration Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix. 15 Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane. 16 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps). 17 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: Glucose (6C) 2ATP C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) C-C-C C-C-C 18 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 4ADP + P 4ATP GAP GAP C-C-C C-C-C 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) 19 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH 20 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Enzyme Example: PEP to PYR Substrate (PEP) Product (Pyruvate) OC=O C-OCH2 OC=O C=O CH2 P P P Adenosine ADP P P P Adenosine ATP 21 Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation 22 Alcohol Fermentation C C C C C C Plants and Fungi 2ADP +2 P beer and wine 2ATP 2NADH C C C Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Pyruvic acid glucose copyright cmassengale 2 NAD+ C C 2 Ethanol 2CO2 released 23 Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s 24 Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). C C C C C C 2ADP +2 P 2ATP 2NADH C C C Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ C C C 2 Lactic acid Glucose 25 Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids 26 Four Corners 27 2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ copyright cmassengale 2NADH 2 Acetyl CoA 28 2. Grooming Phase End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C) copyright cmassengale 29 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. Mitochondrial Matrix 30 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) FADH2 Citrate (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + P 31 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) 2 FADH2 Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP + P 32 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle) 1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2 33 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space). Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 34 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH). 35 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Inner membrane 36 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for NADH) higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ E 2H+ 3H+ T C NAD+ (Proton Pumping) Matrix ATP Synthas e Inner Mitochondrial Membrane O2 H O 2 2H+ + 1/2 NADH + H+ H+ ADP + P H+ ATP lower H+ concentration 37 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2) higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ E T FADH2 + H+ FAD+ (Proton Pumping) Matrix 2H+ C 2H+ + 1/2O2 H+ ATP Synthas e Inner Mitochondrial Membrane H2O ADP + P H+ ATP lower H+ concentration 38 TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD ATP copyright cmassengale 39 Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL 40 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) Glucose Cytosol Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate Mitochondria Krebs Cycle 2NADH 2 ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 36 ATP (maximum per glucose) 2ATP 41 Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL 42 Question: In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration? 43 Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids 44 45