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The Arabinose Operon Operons Operons are groups of genes that function to produce proteins needed by the cell. There are two different kinds of genes in operons: Structural genes code for proteins needed for the normal operation of the cell. For example, they may be proteins needed for the breakdown of sugars. The structural genes are grouped together and a single mRNA molecule is produced during their transcription. Regulator genes code for proteins that regulate other genes. The arabinose operon uses both positive and negative control. The operon contains three different genes (ara A, ara B, and ara D) that code for three enzymes needed to convert arabinose to a usable form. ara A: Arabinose isomerase - coverts arabinose to ribulose ara B: Ribulokinase - phosphorylates ribulose ara D: Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase - converts ribulose-5-phosphate to xylulose-5-phosphate which can then be metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway A fourth gene codes for a protein (ara C) that acts to regulate the structural genes. The regulator protein (ara C) is needed for transcription of the three structural genes (ara A, ara B, and ara D). It binds to its own structural gene preventing its own transcription, thus autoregulating its own level. When the level of ara C is low, transcription occurs and more ara C is synthesized. Ara C also binds to other sites within the operon, inhibiting transcription of the three structural genes. The genes therefore are normally not active. When arabinose is present, it binds to ara C causing it to change shape. The new shape promotes the attachment of RNA polymerase to the DNA, thus allowing transcription to occur. Information Taken From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-arabinose_operon http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20L ectures/Gene%20Regulation/gene.htm