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1st Quarter Test Review 1. A student noticed that when a dog is cut, the dog periodically licks its wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the student's line of reasoning: a. I wonder why the dog's wound doesn't become infected. b. The dog's saliva must prevent the growth of infection-causing bacteria. c. I'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria in two identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. d. Even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However, the bacteria in the treated dish grew more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. e. I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish, but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What was the student’s hypothesis? The dog's saliva must prevent the growth of infection-causing bacteria Which step described the experimental set up? C Identify the control The dish that he left alone without saliva What is the independent variable? The dog's saliva What is the dependent variable? the growth of infection-causing bacteria What data did the student collect? The bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However, the bacteria in the treated dish grew more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. What is a possible conclusion from this experiment? That the dog's saliva did slow down the growth of infection-causing bacteria Is that conclusion a fact or an inference? inference 2. What is the purpose of a hypothesis? State a testable explanation for the situation that you observed How do you test it? With an experiment 3. What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group? Control – all conditions are kept the same Experimental – conditions match that of the control except for the one factor being tested 4. In your seed lab, what was the control group? What were the experimental groups? Control – tap water Exp – pond and sea water 5. How does sample size affect the results of an experiment? A large sample size increases the reliability of results and decreases the effect of errors on the outcome 6. What were the independent variables in your seed lab? Time, types of water 7. List and describe the levels of organization in Biology. Atoms – smallest unit that makes up an element Molecules – two or more atoms together Organelle - Structure within a cell that has a specific function for cell survival Cells – basic structural unit of an organism Tissue – a group of the same type of cell working together Organ – a collection of tissues that perform a function in an organism System – a group of organs working together for a common purpose Organism - one individual that has all the characteristics of life Population - a group of organisms Community – a collection of populations Ecosystem - several communities including the abiotic components of the environment 8. Which level of organization in Biology is the simplest? Atom Which is the most complex? Ecosystem 9. How do autotrophs obtain energy? Capture energy from the sun How do heterotrophs obtain energy? They must get energy by consuming food 10. If a system had four trophic levels, how much energy would be available at each level if the producers (autotrophs) had 10,000 kcal of energy? 10,000 kcal 1,000 kcal 100 kcal 10 kcal 11. Why is only 10% of the energy of the first trophic level available to the animals that feed on autotrophs? Some energy is used my the organisms at each level and some is lost as heat 12. Why would a top predator have higher levels of a contaminant than its prey that was actually exposed to the contaminant? The contaminants bioaccumulate in the bodies at each level 13. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche? Habitat - The place where an organism lives Niche - The role an organism plays in its environment including all of the biotic and abiotic needs for survival. 14. Can two organisms share a habitat? Yes Can they share a niche? No – they will compete and try to drive the other out 15. Create a food chain and identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. Lettuce – rabbit – fox – bear Producer – primary cons. – secondary cons. – tertiary consumer 16. What happens to two organisms when they compete for the same niche? they will compete and try to drive the other out 17. What is the difference between density-dependent and densityindependent factors? Give example of each. Density-Dependent - increased effect as population increases (more organisms, more risk) Ex. Disease, Competition, Parasites, Predation Density-Independent - affect all populations regardless of their density (more organisms, same risk) Ex. Temperature, storms, natural disasters, drought, habitat destruction, pollution 18. Describe and give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships: Commensalism – One benefits, the other is unaffected Spanish moss, barnacles on a whale, burdock seeds Mutualism – Both benefit Acacia tree and ants, lichens (algae and fungus) Parasitism – One benefits, the other is harmed Tapeworms, heartworms, bacteria, ticks, fleas, mistletoe 19. What is succession? Draw a simple drawing depicting succession. Natural changes and species replacements in communities of an ecosystem 20. What is primary succession? When organisms colonies new areas (that have never had life) Give an example. Lava destroying all life in its path and forms new land An avalanche exposes new areas and ledges A city street has never before had life growing from it. 21. What is secondary succession? When organisms colonize an area that once had life that was wiped out Give an example. natural disaster or human actions disrupting or destroying a community 22. If you stopped mowing your lawn, how would that affect the plant and animal populations that used to live there? The conditions may become unsuitable for certain organisms and plants and become more suitable for other. It may start supporting larger plants and animals. 23. The stable ecosystem established after a succession is called a ________________. Climax community 24. Energy ________ through an ecosystem while nutrient materials are __________. Flows, cycled (recycled) 25. Describe what happens to water in the following processes of the water cycle. Evaporation – water leaves lakes, oceans and other bodies and enters the atmosphere Transpiration – water is lost from the leaves of plants and enters the atmosphere Condensation – water in the atmosphere condenses to form clouds Precipitation – water in the clouds falls to the earth Run-off – water flows from the surface of the earth into bodies of water 26. Who is responsible for the nitrogen fixation that occurs in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria 27. In the carbon cycle, what type of organism depends upon the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? plants 28. Compare and contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes Do NOT have membrane-bound organelles (like a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, etc) Eukaryotes DO have membrane-bound organelles 29. What organisms fall into the category of Prokaryotes? Bacteria 30. How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope? objective lens x eye piece = total magnification What would the total magnification be if you were using the 10x objective lens? 40x? 100x, 400x 31. List the three parts of the Cell Theory. 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells 33. Describe the function of each of the organelles below. Cell membrane - Boundary of the cell - Controls what goes in and out of the cell through the selectively permeable membrane - Maintains cell’s homeostasis Cytoplasm A semi-fluid material that contains the molecules and organelles in the cell Nucleus - Functions in the genetic control of the cell - Chromosomes made of DNA Nuclear memembrane - Surrounds the nucleus - Regulates the materials that pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration, a process that provides the cell with energy Endoplasmic Reticulum ER is a complex, extensive network that transports materials throughout the inside of the cell Golgi Apparatus Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell or outside the cell Ribosomes Site of Protein synthesis Cell Wall Gives the cell added support and protection Chloroplasts Contain the pigment chlorophyll that absorbs energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar during photosynthesis Lysosomes Small organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down food particles, worn out organelles, bacteria, and viruses into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell 34. What might the presence of many mitochondria indicate about a cell? That cell most likely needs a great deal of energy to perform its functions 35. Answer the following questions about the graph above. How much rain fell in Mar of 1989? ~6 inches How much more rain fell in Feb of 1990 than in Feb of 1989? ~2 inches Which year had the most rainfall? 1989: 4+2+6+8+6+2 = 28 inches 1990: 2+4+2+7+5+8 = 28 inches What is the wettest month on the graph? April