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Cell Theory Bacteria and Eukaryotes What is a Cell? Cell – Basic unit of living things. Organisms are either: Unicellular – made of one cell such as bacteria and amoebas. OR Multicellular – made of many cells such as plants and animals. Scientists to Remember Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed “cells” in cork Showed that a (once )living plant had cells Scientists to Remember Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) Father of Microscopy Saw tiny living things in pond water. Called them animalacules Scientists to Remember Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1838-1839) – discovered cells can be multicellular (plants and animals) Scientists to Remember Rudolf Virchow (1855) – New cells come from existing cells. Scientists to Remember James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)- characterized the DNA double helix Cell Theory Confirmed discoveries that all scientists believe to be true about cells: 1. Cells are the basic unit of life. 2. All living things are made of cells. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. 4. Life CANNOT come from non-life Microscopes Light Microscope – magnifies tiny organisms up to 1,000 times. -Uses light and lenses. -We use these. Electron Microscope – magnifies up to a million times. -Uses electrons. Prokaryotes From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Eukaryotes Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology Institute. The Discovery of Cells false nucleus true nucleus Eukaryotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc) DNA – double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized) Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms Ex: animals, plants, fungi Animal Cell (Eukaryote) From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Animal cell diagram , M. Ruiz Plant Cell (Eukaryote) From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz Protist Cell (Eukaryote) From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz Bacteria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes) ALL are unicellular Smaller than eukaryotic cells Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple) DNA – single strand and circular Ex: ALL Bacteria What are bacteria? Single Very Need see celled organisms E. Coli O157:H7 can make you very sick. small a microscope to Can be found on most materials and surfaces Billions on and in your body right now This E. coli helps you digest food. Streptococcus can cause strep throat. What are bacteria? What do they look like? Three basic shapes Rod shaped called bacilli (buh-sill-eye) Round shaped called cocci (cox-eye) Spiral shaped exist as single cells, others Cluster of cocci Bacilli Cocci Some USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 Spiral Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive? USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 They reproduce (make more of themselves) They need to eat What is a pathogen? Bacteria that make you sick Why do they make you sick? To get food they need to survive and reproduce How do they make you sick? USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissue Are all bacteria pathogens? No, most are harmless Some are even helpful Examples of helpful bacteria: USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt, & buttermilk and produces vitamins in your intestine Leuconostoc: makes pickles & sauerkraut Pediococcus: makes pepperoni, salami, & summer sausage MAIN DIFFERENCES Eukaryotes Have membrane bound Nucleus Have organelles Can be multicellular Prokaryotes Have no nucleus Have only ribosomes Are only unicellular Similarities 1. Contain all four biomolecules (lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids) 1. Have ribosomes 2. Have DNA 3. Similar Metabolism 4. Can be unicellular 5. Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture