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Transcript
Cell Theory
Bacteria
and
Eukaryotes
What is a Cell?

Cell – Basic unit of living things.
Organisms are either:
 Unicellular – made of one
cell such as bacteria and
amoebas.
OR
 Multicellular – made of
many cells such as plants
and animals.
Scientists to Remember


Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed
“cells” in cork
Showed that a (once )living plant
had cells
Scientists to Remember

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)



Father of Microscopy
Saw tiny living things in pond water.
Called them animalacules
Scientists to Remember

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann (1838-1839) – discovered
cells can be multicellular (plants and
animals)
Scientists to Remember

Rudolf Virchow (1855) – New cells
come from existing cells.
Scientists to Remember

James Watson and Francis Crick
(1953)- characterized the DNA double
helix
Cell Theory

Confirmed discoveries that all scientists
believe to be true about cells:
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
 2. All living things are made of cells.
 3. New cells are produced from
existing cells.
 4. Life CANNOT come from non-life

Microscopes


Light Microscope – magnifies tiny
organisms up to 1,000 times.
-Uses light and lenses.
-We use these.
Electron Microscope – magnifies
up to a million times.
-Uses electrons.
Prokaryotes
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Eukaryotes
Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology Institute.
The Discovery of Cells
false
nucleus
true
nucleus
Eukaryotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
Have membrane bound Organelles
(golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)
DNA – double-stranded and forms
chromosomes (highly organized)
Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms
Ex: animals, plants, fungi
Animal Cell
(Eukaryote)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Animal cell diagram , M. Ruiz
Plant Cell
(Eukaryote)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz
Protist Cell
(Eukaryote)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz
Bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NO nucleus
NO membrane bound organelles (just
ribosomes)
ALL are unicellular
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller
and more simple)
DNA – single strand and circular
Ex: ALL Bacteria
What are bacteria?
 Single
 Very
 Need
see
celled organisms
E. Coli O157:H7
can make you
very sick.
small
a microscope to
 Can
be found on most
materials and surfaces

Billions on and in your
body right now
This E. coli helps
you digest food.
Streptococcus
can cause strep
throat.
What are bacteria?
What do they look like?
 Three
basic
shapes



Rod shaped called
bacilli (buh-sill-eye)
Round shaped called
cocci (cox-eye)
Spiral shaped
exist as
single cells,
others
Cluster of cocci
Bacilli
Cocci
 Some
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
Spiral
Bacteria are ALIVE!

What does it mean
to be alive?


USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
They reproduce
(make more of
themselves)
They need to eat
What is a pathogen?

Bacteria that make you sick

Why do they make you sick?


To get food they need to survive and
reproduce
How do they make you sick?

USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
They produce poisons (toxins) that result
in fever, headache, vomiting, and
diarrhea and destroy body tissue
Are all bacteria pathogens?

No, most are harmless

Some are even helpful

Examples of helpful bacteria:



USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt,
& buttermilk and produces vitamins in
your intestine
Leuconostoc: makes pickles &
sauerkraut
Pediococcus: makes pepperoni,
salami, & summer sausage
MAIN DIFFERENCES
Eukaryotes
Have membrane bound
Nucleus
Have organelles
Can be multicellular
Prokaryotes
Have no nucleus
Have only ribosomes
Are only unicellular
Similarities
1.
Contain all four biomolecules
(lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)
1.
Have ribosomes
2.
Have DNA
3.
Similar Metabolism
4.
Can be unicellular
5.
Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall
Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture