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An organism is another name for a living thing! We can view cells through a microscope. There are two types of microscopes: •Light microscope (which we will be using) – this uses light to illuminate the sample •Electron microscope – this uses a stream of electrons to illuminate the sample. Parts ofBody a light microscope tube Eyepiece lens Nosepiece Objective lenses Arm Stage Stage clips Diaphragm Coarse adj Fine adj Light source Base Calculating magnification Eye-piece Lens 10X 10X 10X Objective Lens 4X 10X 40X Magnification (X Bigger) 40 X 100 X 400 X Staining cells The stains we use are Iodine solution and Methylene blue We stain cells in order to better see what is inside them; their structures e.g. The nucleus In unstained cells the nucleus is hard to see. Cells are made up of smaller structures called organelles, these are like mini-organs like the organs in our body. Types of cells There are two types of cells: -Prokaryotic cells -Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells These cells are very small and have no nucleus. Examples of prokaryotic cells include: Algae and bacteria Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells are much bigger than prokaryotic (50 to 100x) and they contain a nucleus. Examples of eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells. Animal cells An animal cell has many structures but you are not required to learn all of these right now. You need to learn that an animal cell contains a: •Nucleus •Cell membrane •Cytoplasm •Mitochondria (many) Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Plant cells You need to learn that a plant cell contains all that an animal contains plus a: •Chloroplast (many) •Vacuole •Cell wall Cell wall Cell membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus Vacuole Cytoplasm Mitochondria Provides energy for the cell Cell membrane The fluid that fills the cell Cell wall Contains the cell sap and provides support to the cell Nucleus Controls what enters and leaves the cell Vacuole Chloroplast Cytoplasm Provides energy from photosynthesis Provides support and protection for the cell Controls cell activities Viruses Viruses like the common cold are even smaller than prokaryotic cells. Viruses get into your cells and force your cell to make more copies of themselves! multicellular multicellular multicellular Diffusion spreading out spreading out spreading out spreading out Diffusion is the spreading outof a substance from where it is concentrated. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0c8acUE9Itw Osmosis only water Osmosis if the diffusion of water, from where it is concentrated to where it is not concentrated through a semi-permeable membrane. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7W3UN3fN-M4 Unicellular They get all the nutrients they require via the processes of diffusion and osmosis Some unicellular organisms are both plant and animal – they have chloroplasts and eyes for seeing with. Eukaryotes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHZZKwrYm4g Multicellular Putting cells to work Yeast Yeast makes bread and alcohol. We have bacteria that can oil spills. clean up We use bacteria to make eco-friendly fuels.