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Cells The Building Blocks of Life Cells • Cell: The smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions. • They grow, reproduce, use energy, and respond to stimuli. Blood cells Muscle cells Nerve cells I. Cells • Robert Hooke discovered and named cells in 1665. A thin slice of cork showing cells I. Cells • 10 years later in 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria and protozoa. I. Cells • The nucleus was not described until 1833 I. Cells • DNA was not described until the 1950’s. Why did it take so long to make these discoveries? Scratch and sniff paper x1000 Staple in paper x35 Mascara brush x35 Mosquito head x200 http://www.mos.org/sln/SEM/sem.html II. Types of Cells • Some organisms are only one cell big. diatoms paramecium protozoa II. Types of Cells • Some organisms are made of millions or billions of cells working together. II. Types of Cells • Prokaryotic-cells that have no membrane (“skin”) bound internal structures (bacteria) II. Types of Cells • Eukaryotic-cells with membrane (“skin”) bound internal structures (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) Which cell is which? Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? III. Cell Organization • In a single celled organism, the cell has to do all of the life functions by itself. Division (reproduction) Eating (using energy) III. Cell Organization • In a multicellular organism, each cell is assigned a specific job. Together, they make the organism complete. Blood, nerve, and muscle cells working together make our heart complete. III. Cell Organization • Within each cell, there are small structures that help the cell do its job, they are called organelles. (tiny organ) IV. Organelles • Cell Membrane: Protective outer covering for plant and animal cells. It controls what moves into and out of the cell. (revolving door) IV. Organelles • Cytoplasm: Supportive, gelatin-like structure found inside plant and animal cells. Helps maintain cell shape. (jell-o) IV. Organelles • Nucleus: Directs all cell activities in plant and animal cells. It also holds a copy of the chromosomes for the organism. (coach) IV. Organelles • Chromosomes: Found inside the nucleus, they contain the DNA which holds all of your hereditary information. (play-book) IV. Organelles • Nucleolus: Found inside the nucleus, it manufactures ribosomes. (ribosome factory) IV. Organelles • Ribosomes: Makes proteins for cells. (protein factory) IV. Organelles • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Helps transport materials around the cell. (hallway) IV. Organelles • Golgi Apparatus/Bodies: Sorts, packages, and mails proteins around the cell. (post office) IV. Organelles • Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes (acids) to help break down food, wastes, and worn out cell parts. (recycler) Lysosomes “eat” the tadpole tail. IV. Organelles • Mitochondria: breaks down food into energy for the organism. (batteries) Which type of cell would have more mitochondria? Why? • Muscle cells or fat cells? IV. Organelles • Vacuole: Storage containers for food, water, or waste. Plant cells have one large vacuole. (lunchbox) Plants with empty vacuoles have limp leaves and stems IV. Organelles • Cell Wall: Outermost covering of a plant cell. Provides protection and support for the plant. (brick wall) Humans do not have the right digestive enzymes to break down the cellulose in cell walls IV. Organelles • Chloroplasts: In plants cells only, it converts sunlight into food. Chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts gives plants their green color. (solar panel) Organelles all work together to make a cell function Cells work together to form the whole organism V. Levels of Organization in Biology 1 Cells 2 Tissue 3 Organs 4 Organ System 5 Organism These levels continue through ecology 5. Organism 6. Population 7. Community 8. Ecosystem 9. Biome 10. Biosphere VI. Cell Theory A collection of ideas that forms the foundation for all biology. Equivalent to the Theory of Gravity (Physics), Atomic Theory (Chemistry), and Theory of Evolution (Evolutionary Biology) VI. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. VI. Cell Theory 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. (The building blocks of life) VI. Cell Theory 3. Living cells only come from other living cells.