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The Central Dogma – V2 In 1869, Friedrich Miescher isolated nuclein. Between 1900 and 1935, Phoebus Levene studied nucleic acid and described DNA and RNA. By the 1930’s other scientists had worked out that amino acids peptide bonded to make proteins. They knew that proteins made up the structures of living organisms and were folded into many complex shapes. For a while proteins were though be the inherited “factors”. By the 1930’s scientists knew that DNA was inherited, not proteins. Now they began searching for the connection between DNA in the nucleus, and RNA and proteins made in the cytoplasm. Fredrick Sanger worked with the protein insulin. He determined the amino acid sequence that made up insulin and how the protein folded. Next James Crick worked on the central dogma. He asked the critical question: “How can 4 different nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?” or “How can A,T, G, C tell the cell to correctly order 20 amino acids into complex proteins?”. Answer: 1 codon of 3 RNA nucleotides codes for 1 amino acid (see text p. 253 fig 8.2) The genetic code always uses “words” with exactly three “letters” or RNA nucleotides. RNA to Amino Acid TRANSLATION CHART This chart is used to translate mRNA to a polypeptide. Codons are an RNA “word” with 3 RNA nucleotides. Each codon matches one amino acid except the 3 stop codons. Many amino acids have more than one codon due to redundancy. What are the 3 RNA nitrogen bases that make up each of the stop codons? List the codons that code for glutamic acid: Central Dogma A dogma is a powerful theory with little experimental support. Now there is proof of the dogma proposed by Crick. 1. transcription DNA 2. translation RNA 3. protein synthesis amino acid protein 1. transcription of DNA template strand to mRNA DNA coding strand DNA template strand ATG GGA TTC TAC CCT AAG transcribed mRNA AUG GGA UUC 2. translation of mRNA to amino acid sequence mRNA AUG GGA UUC translated amino acid met gly phe Note : each amino acid has a 3 letter nickname met – methionine, gly – glycine Characteristics of the DNA to RNA Code 1. Continuity: The codons are read as an unbroken series of non-overlapping three letter words. Example: THE DOG ATE THE CAT Mutations can add, delete or substitute a nucleotide. Adding or deleting nucleotides causes a reading frameshift. 2. Redundancy: 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids, different codons for the same amino acid. Glycine triplets include GGU, GGC and GGA. Substitution mutations in the last position are often neutral. This is the “wobble hypothesis”. 3. Universality: The same RNA codons correspond to the same amino acids in almost all organisms. This is proof of a common ancestor and allows for genetic modification. This is incredibly strong evidence in support of evolution. The Central Dogma – V2 In 1869, Friedrich Miescher isolated ___________________. Between 1900 and 1935, Phoebus Levene studied nucleic acid and described ___________________. By the 1930’s other scientists had worked out that __________________________ to make __________________. They knew that proteins made up the structures of living organisms and were folded into many complex shapes. For a while proteins were though be the inherited “factors”. By the 1930’s scientists knew that ______________ was inherited, not proteins. Now they began searching for the connection between DNA in the nucleus, and _________________ made in the _______. Fredrick Sanger worked with the protein ___________. He determined the _______ ______________ that made up insulin and how the protein folded. Next James Crick worked on the _________________. He asked the critical question: “How can 4 different nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?” or “How can A, T, G, C tell the cell to correctly order 20 amino acids into complex proteins?”. Answer: __________________________________________________________ (see text p. 253 fig 8.2) The genetic code always uses “words” with exactly three “letters” or RNA nucleotides. RNA to Amino Acid TRANSLATION CHART This chart is used to translate mRNA to a polypeptide. ____________ are an RNA “word” with 3 RNA nucleotides. Each codon _________________________ except the 3 stop codons. Many amino acids have more than one codon due to ____________________. What are the 3 RNA nitrogen bases that make up each of the stop codons? _________ List the codons that code for glutamic acid: ______________________ Central Dogma A dogma is a powerful theory with little experimental support. Now there is _________ of the dogma proposed by Crick. 1.___________ DNA 3. _______ _________ 2. __________ RNA amino acid protein 1. _________________________________________ DNA coding strand DNA template strand ATG GGA TTC _____________ transcribed mRNA _____________ 2. ______________ of _______ to amino acid sequence mRNA _____________ translated amino acid ______________ Note : each amino acid has a 3 letter nickname met – methionine, gly – glycine Characteristics of the DNA to RNA Code 1. _______________: The codons are read as an _______________________ of non-overlapping three letter words. Example: THE DOG ATE THE CAT ______________ can add, delete or substitute a nucleotide. Adding or deleting nucleotides causes a _______________________________ 2. _________________: 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids, ________ codons for the _____ amino acid. Glycine triplets include GGU, GGC and GGA. Substitution mutations in the last position are often neutral. This is the ___________________ 3. _______________: The ____________________ correspond to the __________ _______ in almost all organisms. This is proof of a ____________ and allows for genetic modification. This is incredibly strong evidence in support of evolution. Complete the attached worksheet. Read text p 252 – 256. Do p 256 # 2, 4, 5, 6