* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - PWilsonScience
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA paternity testing wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified food wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic testing wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering in science fiction wikipedia , lookup
On Your Desk You Need: • Sharpened pencil or pen • Snapshot • LS.2 Notes on Organelles • Homework: Signed Test • Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk Snapshot (6 min) 1. The organelle that is the genetic information found in the cell is called _________. 2. This genetic information can be found inside of which organelle? 3. List the steps of the scientific method in order. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Snapshot (6 min) 1. The organelle that is the genetic information found in the cell is called _________. 2. This genetic information can be found inside of which organelle? 3. List the steps of the scientific method in order. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations LS.12 Reproduction & Genetics The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Genetics • Genetics = Study of how heredity works – how genes are passed from parent to offspring – Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics • A monk in 1800’s • Gardener who studied pea plants (height, color, & shape) • Noticed that – Traits can be passed down – Some were stronger than others LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations DNA • Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid – Double helix= spiraled staircase or twisted ladder – First seen by Rosalind Franklin 1952 – Discovered by Watson & Crick 1953 – Main Parts • 2 strands of sugar (deoxyribose) • Phosphate- holds pieces of sugar together • Nitrogenous bases- always in pairs – Adenine + Thymine – Cytosine + Guanine LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Genes • Pieces of DNA that have directions for a specific trait. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Vocabulary • • • • Genetics DNA Heredity Gene LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations On Your Desk You Need: • • • • Sharpened pencil or pen Snapshot LS.12 Notes on DNA & genes Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP Materials & Procedures • Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk Snapshot • Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) in the diagram below. • This picture is a model of ________________. • Separate pieces of this that code for traits are called ____________. • It is shaped like a ______ LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations On Your Desk You Need: • • • • Sharpened pencil or pen Snapshot LS.12 Notes on DNA & genes Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP Materials & Procedures • Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk Snapshot 1. What is DNA shaped like? 2. What do the letters DNA stand for? 3. The steps of the ladder of DNA are found in pairs, what are the pairs? 4. Who gets credit for saying what DNA is shaped like? 5. Who was the first person to see DNA? 6. What is the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring? Who discovered it? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Snapshot 1. What is DNA shaped like? 2. What do the letters DNA stand for? 3. The steps of the ladder of DNA are found in pairs, what are the pairs? 4. Who gets credit for saying what DNA is shaped like? 5. Who was the first person to see DNA? 6. What is the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring? Who discovered it? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Snapshot • Write the complimentary DNA strand for each given strand of DNA. • 1. CGTAAGCGCTAATTA • 2. TCTTAAATGATCGATC • 3. AATGAATAGCTAGCTT • 4. GGCATTCGCGATCATG • 5. CGTTAGCATGCTTCAT • 6. ACTAACGGTAGCTAGC LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations RNA • Ribo-Nucleic Acids- copy DNA – Unzip dna – Make a copy of each side. – Does not have Thymine instead has uracil • Mutation= permanent change (mistake) in DNA when RNA copies it incorrectly – In sex cells (gametes or germ cells) will be passed on to offspring – In body cells (somates) will not be hereditary LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations RNA • If this is the DNA strand: ATGTCGCTGATACTGT • What would the tRNA strand be? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Genetics & Alleles • Alleles – Types of a trait – Get one allele from each parent for every trait during fertilization – The combination determines what the offspring will express (show). LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations 2 Main Types of Alleles • Dominant- stronger allele – is always expressed (seen) – Represented by a capital letter – Ex. Brown Hair = B • Recessive- weaker allele that is always covered over by the dominant allele – Only shown when there are two recessives together – Represented by lowercase letter – Ex. Blonde Hair = b LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Types of Alleles • Homozygous- 2 of the same alleles (2 dominant or 2 recessive) for the same trait – A purebred – Ex. TT, tt • Heterozygous- 2 different alleles for the same trait – A hybrid – Ex. Tt, tT LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Expression of Alleles • Genotype- genetic makeup of an organism – What the alleles are • Ex TT, tt, Tt, tT, BB, bb, Bb • Phenotype- how the organism looks b/c of the genotype – What it looks like • Ex. Tall, short, brown, blonde, etc LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations On Your Desk You Need: • • • • Sharpened pencil or pen Snapshot LS.12 Notes on alleles Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP Materials & Procedures • Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk Snapshot • Indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho). – TT _____ Bb _____ Ff _____ tt • Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? • Determine the phenotype Yellow body color is dominant to blue. – YY ________ Yy ______ yy _________ LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Snapshot • Indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho). – TT _____ Bb _____ Ff _____ tt • Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? • Determine the phenotype Yellow body color is dominant to blue. – YY ________ Yy ______ yy _________ LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Punnett Squares & Probability • Looking at the genotypes & phenotypes of parents shows you all possible genotypes & phenotypes of their children • Probability= likeliness (chance) that something will happen • Punnett Square- a box used to figure out genetic probability LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Using Punnett Squares 1. Write alleles from one parent across the top 2. Write alleles for other parent down the side One per box 3. Distribute the letter to each box in that row & column 4. Ex. A blue eyed girl (bb) and a brown eyed man (BB) have a child. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and How will itgenetic look? transmit information to new generations G g G GG Gg g Gg gg The parents in this cross are Heterozygous _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have 75 green pods? _______% B b B b The genotype of the offspring in the blue bb box is _______ The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous homozygous In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B B B b B b B b B b b B b b b B This is the Correct setup Heterozygous = Bb Pure brown = bb homozygous Another name for pure is _________________ An organism has the genotype Xy. What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ ______ X y THINK ABOUT IT: If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl? Father ; The mother always gives an X If the father gives a y, it’s a boy. If the father gives an X; it’s a girl. Genetic Engineering • Changing genes (sections of DNA) to get desired traits. – How? By removing unwanted genes or adding desirable genes to DNA sequence – Ex. • Seedless watermelon & tomatoes • Taller corn plants LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Biotechnology & Bioethics • Biotechnology= using living things to make things that better human life – Ex. Genetic Engineering • Bioethics- whether it is right or wrong to do something even if you can to living things. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Snapshot • Identify the genotypes as heterozygous or homozygous 1. Ff 2. ff 3. FF • (4-6) If these alleles were for skin color: fair skinned and dark-skinned– what would the offspring look like with each genotype? • (5-7) Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross between Ff and ff having offspring together. What are the probabilities for each genotype and phenotype of this LS.12 The cross. student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Genetic Engineering– The Hunger Games • In the movie “The Hunger Games,” the Capitol produced genetically enhanced birds called jabberjays to spy on rebels. Unexpectedly, these birds bred with mockingbirds, creating a new hybrid bird called the mockingjay. The Capitol did not intend for this to happen, and the bird became a symbol of rebellion. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations The Hunger Games 1. What lessons can we draw about genetic engineering from these examples? 2. Could a scenario like this, where a genetically engineered organism hybridizes with a wild animal or plant, happen in the real world? 3. Why or why not? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations D.I.Y. Biology 1. What is a genetically modified organism? 2. What is a jabberjay? A mockingjay? 3. What roles do these organisms play in the book series “The Hunger Games”? 4. What is the value of creating genetically modified organisms? What are some of the concerns surrounding G.M.O.’s? 5. What predictions can you make for what might happen if the tools of biotechnology spread to everyone, and lead to “an explosion of diversity of new living creatures”? Snapshot • What is genetic engineering? • How does genetic engineering relate to bioethics? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Luddites • Definition of LUDDITE • : one of a group of early 19th century English workmen destroying laborsaving machinery as a protest; broadly : one who is opposed to especially technological change LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Luddites People who are against genetic engineering are often told they are “Luddites”. Tell us in 300 words why you are: • a) a Luddite about genetic engineering of animals, or • b) definitely not a Luddite about genetic engineering of animals, or • c) against genetic engineering of animals but don’t believe you are a Luddite. LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations Position Statement • Who should be responsible for answering these ethical questions? (Political leaders?, Individuals? Religious leaders? Lawyers?) • Should an issue such as the one presented here be regulated by federal or state laws or by regulations enforced by a federal agency (FDA)? Which group should be the one to take on the responsibility of monitoring this industry? • What benefits does this technology offer us? What risks should we be aware of? LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and Genetically Modifying Bacteria • http://www.dnatube.com/video/5577/GeneticModification-and-Engineering-Cartoon LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations