Download File - PWilsonScience

On Your Desk You Need:
• Sharpened pencil or pen
• Snapshot
• LS.2 Notes on
Organelles
• Homework: Signed Test
• Book Bags on Chair or
beneath Desk
Snapshot (6 min)
1. The organelle that is the genetic information
found in the cell is called _________.
2. This genetic information can be found inside of
which organelle?
3. List the steps of the scientific method in order.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Snapshot (6 min)
1. The organelle that is the genetic information
found in the cell is called _________.
2. This genetic information can be found inside of
which organelle?
3. List the steps of the scientific method in order.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
LS.12 Reproduction &
Genetics
The student will understand and
investigate that organisms reproduce
and transmit genetic information to
new generations
Genetics
• Genetics = Study of how heredity works
– how genes are passed from parent to offspring
– Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics
• A monk in 1800’s
• Gardener who studied pea plants (height, color, & shape)
• Noticed that
– Traits can be passed down
– Some were stronger than others
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
DNA
• Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid
– Double helix= spiraled staircase or twisted ladder
– First seen by Rosalind Franklin 1952
– Discovered by Watson & Crick 1953
– Main Parts
• 2 strands of sugar (deoxyribose)
• Phosphate- holds pieces of sugar together
• Nitrogenous bases- always in pairs
– Adenine + Thymine
– Cytosine + Guanine
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Genes
• Pieces of DNA that have directions for a
specific trait.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
Genetics
DNA
Heredity
Gene
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
On Your Desk You Need:
•
•
•
•
Sharpened pencil or pen
Snapshot
LS.12 Notes on DNA & genes
Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP
Materials & Procedures
• Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk
Snapshot
• Label EVERY sugar (S),
phosphate (P), and
nitrogen base (A, T, C,
G) in the diagram below.
• This picture is a model of
________________.
• Separate pieces of this
that code for traits are
called ____________.
• It is shaped like a
______
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
On Your Desk You Need:
•
•
•
•
Sharpened pencil or pen
Snapshot
LS.12 Notes on DNA & genes
Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP
Materials & Procedures
• Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk
Snapshot
1. What is DNA shaped like?
2. What do the letters DNA stand for?
3. The steps of the ladder of DNA are found in
pairs, what are the pairs?
4. Who gets credit for saying what DNA is
shaped like?
5. Who was the first person to see DNA?
6. What is the study of how traits are passed
from parent to offspring? Who discovered it?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Snapshot
1. What is DNA shaped like?
2. What do the letters DNA stand for?
3. The steps of the ladder of DNA are found in
pairs, what are the pairs?
4. Who gets credit for saying what DNA is
shaped like?
5. Who was the first person to see DNA?
6. What is the study of how traits are passed
from parent to offspring? Who discovered it?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Snapshot
• Write the complimentary DNA strand for each
given strand of DNA.
• 1. CGTAAGCGCTAATTA
• 2. TCTTAAATGATCGATC
• 3. AATGAATAGCTAGCTT
• 4. GGCATTCGCGATCATG
• 5. CGTTAGCATGCTTCAT
• 6. ACTAACGGTAGCTAGC
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
RNA
• Ribo-Nucleic Acids- copy DNA
– Unzip dna
– Make a copy of each side.
– Does not have Thymine instead has uracil
• Mutation= permanent change (mistake) in DNA
when RNA copies it incorrectly
– In sex cells (gametes or germ cells) will be passed
on to offspring
– In body cells (somates) will not be hereditary
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
RNA
• If this is the DNA strand:
ATGTCGCTGATACTGT
• What would the tRNA strand be?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Genetics & Alleles
• Alleles
– Types of a trait
– Get one allele from each parent for every trait
during fertilization
– The combination determines what the offspring will
express (show).
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
2 Main Types of Alleles
• Dominant- stronger allele
– is always expressed (seen)
– Represented by a capital letter
– Ex. Brown Hair = B
• Recessive- weaker allele that is always covered
over by the dominant allele
– Only shown when there are two recessives together
– Represented by lowercase letter
– Ex. Blonde Hair = b
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Types of Alleles
• Homozygous- 2 of the same alleles (2 dominant
or 2 recessive) for the same trait
– A purebred
– Ex. TT, tt
• Heterozygous- 2 different alleles for the same
trait
– A hybrid
– Ex. Tt, tT
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Expression of Alleles
• Genotype- genetic makeup of an organism
– What the alleles are
• Ex TT, tt, Tt, tT, BB, bb, Bb
• Phenotype- how the organism looks b/c of the
genotype
– What it looks like
• Ex. Tall, short, brown, blonde, etc
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
On Your Desk You Need:
•
•
•
•
Sharpened pencil or pen
Snapshot
LS.12 Notes on alleles
Homework: Genetics Vocabulary & SFP
Materials & Procedures
• Book Bags on Chair or beneath Desk
Snapshot
• Indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR
homozygous (Ho).
– TT _____ Bb _____ Ff _____ tt
• Which of the genotypes in #1 would be
considered purebred?
• Determine the phenotype Yellow body color is
dominant to blue.
– YY ________ Yy ______ yy _________
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Snapshot
• Indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR
homozygous (Ho).
– TT _____ Bb _____ Ff _____ tt
• Which of the genotypes in #1 would be
considered purebred?
• Determine the phenotype Yellow body color is
dominant to blue.
– YY ________ Yy ______ yy _________
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Punnett Squares & Probability
• Looking at the genotypes & phenotypes of
parents shows you all possible genotypes &
phenotypes of their children
• Probability= likeliness (chance) that something
will happen
• Punnett Square- a box used to figure out
genetic probability
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Using Punnett Squares
1. Write alleles from one
parent across the top
2. Write alleles for other
parent down the side
One per box
3. Distribute the letter to
each box in that row &
column
4. Ex. A blue eyed girl
(bb) and a brown eyed
man (BB) have a child.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
How will
itgenetic
look?
transmit
information to new generations
G
g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
The parents in this
cross are
Heterozygous
_____________
Homozygous
Heterozygous
If G is dominant for green pods and g
is recessive for yellow pods, what
percentage of the offspring will have
75
green pods? _______%
B b
B
b
The genotype of the
offspring in the blue
bb
box is _______
The offspring in the blue box is
homozygous
heterozygous
homozygous
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over
brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross
between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig
and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like
B B
B b
B b
B b
B
b
b
B
b
b
b
B
This is the
Correct setup
Heterozygous = Bb
Pure brown = bb
homozygous
Another name for pure is _________________
An organism has the genotype Xy.
What are the possible sperm it can
produce?
______
______
X
y
THINK ABOUT IT:
If females have an XX genotype and can
only give X genes, which parent is the
one that determines whether the baby is
a boy or girl?
Father ;
The mother always gives an X
If the father gives a y, it’s a boy.
If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.
Genetic Engineering
• Changing genes (sections of DNA) to get
desired traits.
– How? By removing unwanted genes or adding
desirable genes to DNA sequence
– Ex.
• Seedless watermelon & tomatoes
• Taller corn plants
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Biotechnology & Bioethics
• Biotechnology= using living things to make
things that better human life
– Ex. Genetic Engineering
• Bioethics- whether it is right or wrong to do
something even if you can to living things.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Snapshot
• Identify the genotypes as heterozygous or
homozygous
1. Ff
2. ff
3. FF
• (4-6) If these alleles were for skin color: fair skinned
and dark-skinned– what would the offspring look like
with each genotype?
• (5-7) Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross
between Ff and ff having offspring together. What are
the probabilities for each genotype and phenotype of
this
LS.12
The cross.
student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Genetic Engineering–
The Hunger Games
• In the movie “The Hunger Games,”
the Capitol produced genetically
enhanced birds called jabberjays to
spy on rebels. Unexpectedly, these
birds bred with mockingbirds, creating
a new hybrid bird called the
mockingjay. The Capitol did not
intend for this to happen, and the bird
became a symbol of rebellion.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
The Hunger Games
1. What lessons can we draw about
genetic engineering from these
examples?
2. Could a scenario like this, where a
genetically engineered organism
hybridizes with a wild animal or plant,
happen in the real world?
3. Why or why not?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
D.I.Y. Biology
1. What is a genetically modified organism?
2. What is a jabberjay? A mockingjay?
3. What roles do these organisms play in the
book series “The Hunger Games”?
4. What is the value of creating genetically
modified organisms? What are some of the
concerns surrounding G.M.O.’s?
5. What predictions can you make for what might
happen if the tools of biotechnology spread to
everyone, and lead to “an explosion of
diversity of new living creatures”?
Snapshot
• What is genetic engineering?
• How does genetic engineering relate to
bioethics?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Luddites
• Definition of LUDDITE
• : one of a group of early 19th century English
workmen destroying laborsaving machinery as
a protest; broadly : one who is opposed to
especially technological change
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Luddites
People who are against genetic engineering are
often told they are “Luddites”. Tell us in 300
words why you are:
• a) a Luddite about genetic engineering of
animals, or
• b) definitely not a Luddite about genetic
engineering of animals, or
• c) against genetic engineering of animals
but don’t believe you are a Luddite.
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations
Position Statement
• Who should be responsible for answering these
ethical questions? (Political leaders?,
Individuals? Religious leaders? Lawyers?)
• Should an issue such as the one presented
here be regulated by federal or state laws or by
regulations enforced by a federal agency
(FDA)? Which group should be the one to take
on the responsibility of monitoring this industry?
• What benefits does this technology offer us?
What risks should we be aware of?
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
Genetically Modifying
Bacteria
• http://www.dnatube.com/video/5577/GeneticModification-and-Engineering-Cartoon
LS.12 The student will understand and investigate that organisms reproduce and
transmit genetic information to new generations