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click here to enter CONTENTS Cell Structure – Animal & Plant Use of Cells – Commercial & Industrial of Yeast, Fungus, and Bacteria Diffusion: In humans Osmosis: Solutions & Effects on Animal & Plant cells Animal Cells - have 3 parts Nucleus – controls cell function Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance Cell Membrane – encloses the cell Plant Cells - have 6 parts Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane And Cell Wall – protects the cell Vacuole – stores water & food Chloroplast – used in Photosynthesis Commercial uses of cells: YEAST A Single-celled Fungus that grows by Budding It does not contain Chlorophyll so can not Photosynthesise to make food Uses: Bread Making, Brewing & Wine-Making To make bread the Yeast is kept in Aerobic Conditions To make alcohol the Yeast is kept in Anaerobic Conditions Industrial uses of cells: YEAST Yeast helps to make an Alternative Fuel Source; ETHANOL This form of Alcohol is produced during Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration) Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS Fungus live on dead and rotting matter, as do BACTERIA Fungus use ANTIBIOTICS to protect themselves from Bacterial infections The most famous Fungus is Penicillium that produces the Antibiotic Penicillin Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS ANTIBIOTICS Are described as Narrow-spectrum or Broad-spectrum Narrow-spectrum – effective against a few Bacteria Broad-spectrum – effective against a wide range Antibiotics work by attacking the External & Internal Cell Structures or even the DNA of the Bacteria Commercial uses of cells: FUNGUS THE BACTERIA! Are described as Sensitive or Resistant Sensitive – if its growth is prevented by an antibiotic Resistant – if the antibiotic has no effect ‘Super Staph’ – a species of Bacterium resistant to all but 1 Antibiotic!! Commercial uses of cells: BACTERIA The BACTERIA Lactobacillus are used to make YOGHURT Bacteria digests the Milk sugar LACTOSE producing LACTIC ACID Lactic Acid causes a drop in pH, the milk proteins clump together (coagulate) & the semi-solid Yoghurt forms Diffusion The net movements of molecules from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION along a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT Osmosis The net movements of molecules from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION Through a SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE Examples of Diffusion In humans: Gas Exchange in the lungs during breathing Oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood Carbon Dioxide from the blood to the lungs Osmosis: Solutions HYPERTONIC: High Solute/Low Water (water moves IN) ISOTONIC: Balanced to the cell contents (no movement) HYPERTONIC: Low Solute/High Water (water moves OUT) OSMOSIS – Effects on Cells; Animals Shrink No change Burst Solutions Plants Hypertonic Flaccid Isotonic No change Hypotonic Turgid