* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Future prospective of Global warming on Invertebrates and
Climate change in the Arctic wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit email controversy wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Myron Ebell wikipedia , lookup
Heaven and Earth (book) wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wikipedia , lookup
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Future sea level wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Physical impacts of climate change wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Instrumental temperature record wikipedia , lookup
Global warming hiatus wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Future prospective of Global warming on Invertebrates and vertebrates. A Review. Shashi Jaswant Department of zoology, Christ Church College Kanpur. AbstractIncreased concentration of the gases like corbon di oxide, methane and clorofloro carbon increase the earth temperature because they absorb radiation and re-emit it towards earth surface. Incerased temperature causes various ecological alterations in our ecosystem which affect the survival of invertebrate and vertebrates by spreading the disease and other physiological changes. All the serious consequences of global warming also affect the biodiversity of invertebrate and vertebrate which may create the ecological imbalance. Keywords- Corbon di oxide, Tempreature, radiation, biodiversity, ecological imbalance. Introduction – Future warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe(soloman,2007).The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts(Lu et .al ,2007). Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (IPCC, 2007). There is now a critical need to test the consequences of ocean acidification on ecologically and commercially important benthic invertebrates at climate-relevant CO2 levels under warming conditions (Wang, 2014). Global warming and InvertebratesBenthic marine invertebrates live in a multistressor world where stressor levels are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by global warming and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and these changes are causing the oceans to warm, decrease in pH, become hypercapnic, and to become less saturated in carbonate minerals (Byrne and Przeslawski ,2013). The different components of climate change (e.g. temperature, hydrology and atmospheric composition) not only affect multiple levels of biological organization, but they may also interact with the many other stressors to which fresh waters are exposed (Woodward et al., 2010). Invertebrates affect many ecosystem services and are also highly responsive to climate change. However, there is still a basic lack of understanding of the direct and indirect paths by which invertebrates influence ecosystem services, as well as how climate change will affect those ecosystem services by altering invertebrate populations (Prather et al., 2013). The existence of a causal link between positive thermal anomalies and observed invertebrate mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea, invoking focused mitigation initiatives in sensitive areas (Rivetti et al., 2014). The effect of the temperature rise and the climate change will surely alter epidemiological aspects of some infectious diseases, it is extremely important for veterinarians and public health that some diseases have altered in their epidemiological aspects and distribution ( Wieliczko, and Staroniewicz , 2010.). Climate change (global warming) may also be contributing to the increase in previously rare protozoan infections now being seen in temperate regions (Curry , 2004). Coral bleaching and other diseases of corals have increased dramatically during the last few decades. As outbreaks of these diseases are highly correlated with increased sea-water temperature, one of the consequences of global warming will probably be mass destruction of coral reefs (Rosenberg and Ben-Haim, 2002). Coral reefs across the world have been seriously degraded and have a bleak future in response to predicted global warming and ocean acidification (Bell et al., 2013). Climate change and ocean acidification, fuelled by the release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, impact the physico-chemical dynamics of the ocean (Fillinger, 2013). Lower seawater pH may increase boring rates of C. celata in shellfish, with potentially severe implications for wild and farmed shellfish populations (Duckworth and Peterson, 2012). Global warming and VertebratesMeynecke (2004) studied effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of vertebrates in North Queensland. He suggest that even species with currently wide climatic ranges may become vulnerable. Species distribution area decreased by more than 50% on average. Analyses of Deutsch et al.(2008) revealed that, in absence of ameliorating factors such as migration and adaptation, the greatest extinction risks from global warming may be in the tropics, where biological diversity is also greatest. Declines of some amphibian populations have been correlated with climate events and indirect effect of climate change has also been observed on the initiation of breeding activities of some amphibian (Carey and Alexander, 2003). Among vertebrates, In fishes, Shoji et al. (2011) reported that Changes in growth rates, shifts in the spawning season, and shifts in the spawning area (latitude) are expected after an increase in sea temperature resulting from global warming. Analyses of McCain (2010) points out that stronger temperature effect for reptiles over birds, bats and terrestrial small mammals. This may suggest that reptiles will also respond to increasing temperatures and aridity differently than birds and mammals. Burns et al,(2003) points out that global climate change, brought about by rising levels of greenhouse gases, threatens to alter the geographic distribution of many habitats and their component species. Current empirical and theoretical ecological results suggest that many species could be at risk from global warming, during the recent ice ages surprisingly few species became extinct ( Botkin et al. 2007). Global warming will increase the prevalence of fungal diseases in mammals (Garcia-Solache and Casadevall, 2010). ConclusionGases emited from industry and other resources, altered the natural gaseous concentration of the environment. Corbon emission is the main causative agent of global warming. To save our ecological integrity and biodiversity by adverse effect of global warming, it is necessary to reduce the corbon emission on global level. ReferencesSolomon et al., Technical Summary, Section TS.5.3: Regional-Scale Projections, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. Lu, Jian; Vechhi, Gabriel A.; Reichler, Thomas (2007). "Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters 34 (6): L06805. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3406805L. doi:10.1029/2006GL028443. IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) 2007, Synthesis Report, Section 2.4: Attribution of climate change, in IPCC AR4 SYR 2007. Wang YJ .(2014) .The Future of Marine Invertebrates in Face of Global Climate Change. J Coast Dev 17: e105. doi: 10.4172/1410-5217.1000e105. Byrne M, Przeslawski R. (2013). Multistressor impacts of warming and acidification of the ocean on marine invertebrates' life histories. Integr Comp Biol. ;53(4):582-96. doi: 10.1093/icb/ict049. Woodward G., Daniel M. Perkins and Lee E. Brown (2010). Climate change and freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels of organization. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2010) 365, 2093–2106. Prather CM, Pelini SL, Laws A, Rivest E, Woltz M, Bloch CP, Del Toro I, Ho CK, Kominoski J, Newbold TA, Parsons S, Joern A. (2013). nvertebrates, ecosystem services and climate change. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2013 May;88(2):327-48. Rivetti I, Fraschetti S, Lionello P, Zambianchi E, Boero F (2014) Global Warming and Mass Mortalities of Benthic Invertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115655. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115655. Wieliczko, A.; Staroniewicz, Z. (2010). Impact of global warming on the spread of infectious diseases. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, Vol. 66 No. 6 pp. 363-365. Curry A (2004). Emerging human protozoan infections in the temperate European climate. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol ;36 (2):105-19. Rosenberg E, Ben-Haim Y. (2002). Microbial diseases of corals and global warming. Environ Microbiol ;4(6):318-26. Bell J J., Simon K. Davy ,Timothy Jones, Michael W. Taylor, Nicole S. Webster (2013). Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?.Global change biology, Volume 19, Issue 9, Pp 2613–2624. Fillinger, L. (2013): Impact of climate change on the distribution of sponges and cold water corals in the Antarctic and Subantarctic , PhD thesis, Universität Bremen. Duckworth A.R and Peterson B.J. (2012). Effects of seawater temperature and pH on the boring rates of the sponge Cliona celata in scallop shells. Mar Biol, DOI 10.1007/s00227-012-2053-z. Meynecke, Jan-Olaf (2004) Effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of vertebrates in North Queensland. Ecological Modelling, 174 (4). pp. 347-357. Deutsch C A., Tewksbury J J., Huey R B., Sheldon K S., Ghalambor C K., Haak D. C and Martin P R.(2008). Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. PNAS , vol. 105 no. 18 pp 6668–6672. Carey C and Alexander M. A. (2003). Blackwell Science, Ltd Climate change and amphibian declines: is there a link? Diversity and Distributions. 9: 111–121. Shoji, J., Toshito, S., Mizuno, K., and Kamimura, Y., Hori, M., Hirakawa, K. 2011. Possible effects of global warming on fish recruitment: shifts in spawning season and latitudinal distribution can alter growth of fish early life stages through changes in daylength. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1165–1169. McCain C. M. ( 2010).Global analysis of reptile elevational diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2010) 19, 541–553. Catherine E. Burns, Kevin M. Johnston, and Oswald J. Schmitz*(2003). Global climate change and mammalian species diversity in U.S. national parks. PNAS. vol. 100 no. 20,pp 11474– 11477. Garcia-Solache, M. A., and A. Casadevall. 2010. Hypothesis: global warming will bring new fungal diseases for mammals. mBio 1(1):e00061-10. doi:10.1128/mBio.00061-10. Botkin D B. Henrik Saxe, Miguel B. Araújo, Richard Betts,Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Tomas Cedhagen, Peter Chesson, Terry P. Dawson,Julie R. Etterson, Daniel P. Faith, Simon Ferrier, Antoine Guisan,Anja Skjoldborg Hansen, David W. Hilbert, Craig Loehle, Chris Margules,Mark New, Matthew J. Sobel and David R. B. Stockwell (2007). Forecasting the Effects of Global Warming on Biodiversity. BioScience Volume 57, Issue 3Pp. 227-236.