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Organelles
 This
is the membrane surrounding all animal
cells.
 This
is the membrane surrounding the cell.
 Fluid inside the cell is very different from
fluid outside the cell, so must be kept
separate.
 This
is the membrane surrounding the cell.
 Fluid inside the cell is very different from
fluid outside the cell, so must be kept
separate.
 Membranes are semi-permeable – they let
some things through but not others.
 This
is the membrane surrounding the cell.
 Fluid inside the cell is very different from
fluid outside the cell, so must be kept
separate.
 Membranes are semi-permeable – they let
some things through but not others.
- small molecules like O2 and CO2 can pass
freely through ________
- larger molecules such as starch have to be
actively transported across the membrane.
 Membranes
bilayer.
are made up of a phospholipid
 Membranes
are made up of a phospholipid
bilayer.
 The bilayer has ‘heads’ of hydrophillic
(water-loving) phosphates, and ‘tails’ of
hydrophobic (water-hating) fatty acids.
 Membranes
are made up of a phospholipid
bilayer.
 The bilayer has ‘heads’ of hydrophillic
(water-loving) phosphates, and ‘tails’ of
hydrophobic (water-hating) fatty acids.
 This structure allows the membrane to
assemble itself and also seal itself off if
damaged. (Basically creates flexibility)
 Membranes
are made up of a phospholipid
bilayer.
 The bilayer has ‘heads’ of hydrophillic
(water-loving) phosphates, and ‘tails’ of
hydrophobic (water-hating) fatty acids.
 This structure allows the membrane to
assemble itself and also seal itself off if
damaged. (Basically creates flexibility)
 The surface of the membrane contains
proteins which ‘communicate’ with the cell’s
surroundings and the cell can respond
accordingly.
 Controls
- _____
the cell and carries the genetic code
 Controls
the cell and carries the genetic code
– DNA
 DNA is scattered throughout the nucleus as
chromatin – these only form visible
structures called chromosomes just before
the cell is about to divide.
Different levels of DNA condensation. (1) Single DNA strand. (2)
Chromatin strand . (3) Condensed chromatin during interphase.
(4) Condensed chromatin during prophase. (Two copies of the DNA
molecule are now present) (5) Chromosome during metaphase.
 Where
cell.
most chemical reactions occur in the
 Where
most chemical reactions occur in the
cell.
 The fluid portion is called the cytosol (this
consists mainly of water, ions in solution,
small molecules and proteins).
 Where
most chemical reactions occur in the
cell.
 The fluid portion is called the cytosol (this
consists mainly of water, ions in solution,
small molecules and proteins).
 The rest of the cytoplasm has organelles in it
and other cell structures.
 Endoplasmic
– ‘within the cytoplasm’
 Endoplasmic
– ‘within the cytoplasm’
 Reticulum – ‘a network’
 Endoplasmic
– ‘within the cytoplasm’
 Reticulum – ‘a network’
 Takes up most of the space in the cytoplasm.
 Endoplasmic
– ‘within the cytoplasm’
 Reticulum – ‘a network’
 Takes up most of the space in the cytoplasm.
 Consists of a vast network of tubes which are
filled with fluid and encased in membranes.
 Acts
as a transport system – carrying various
chemicals around the cell, and outside of the
cell.
 Acts
as a transport system – carrying various
chemicals around the cell, and outside of the
cell.
 The E.R. Membranes can act as a surface
where some biochemical reactions take
place.
 Acts
as a transport system – carrying various
chemicals around the cell, and outside of the
cell.
 The E.R. Membranes can act has a surfaces
where some biochemical reactions take
place.
- These include the synthesis of lipids,
proteins, and carbs.
 Smooth
outer surface
 Smooth
outer surface.
 Produces steroids.
 Smooth
outer surface.
 Produces steroids.
 Helps with calcium storage in muscle cells
and affects muscle contraction.
 Smooth
outer surface.
 Produces steroids.
 Helps with calcium storage in muscle cells
and affects muscle contraction.
 Lipids (fats and oils) are produced on smooth
E.R
 Rough
appearance due to the presence of
ribosomes (site for protein synthesis).
 Rough
appearance due to the presence of
ribosomes (site for protein synthesis).
 Makes secretory proteins which are kept
apart from other proteins.
 Rough
appearance due to the presence of
ribosomes (site for protein synthesis).
 Makes secretory proteins which are kept
apart from other proteins.
 These leave the ER membrane as ‘transport
vesicles’ and carry secretory proteins to
other parts of the cell.
 Most
animal cells only have one golgi
apparatus.
 Most
animal cells only have one golgi
apparatus.
 Consists of stacks of membrane sheets –
Cisternae.
 Most
animal cells only have one golgi
apparatus.
 Consists of stacks of membrane sheets –
Cisternae.
 The G.A recieves the transport vesicles from
the E.R and fuse onto the cis side of the G.A.
Then, the contents are released into the
G.A.
 Most
animal cells only have one golgi
apparatus.
 Consists of stacks of membrane sheets –
Cisternae.
 The G.A receives the transport vesicles from
the E.R and fuse onto the cis side of the G.A.
Then, the contents are released into the
G.A.
 After passing through, these molecules are
modified and completed and then ‘pinched
off’ from the other side of the G.A.
Most animal cells only have one golgi apparatus.
 Consists of stacks of membrane sheets –
Cisternae.
 The G.A receives the transport vesicles from the
E.R and fuse onto the cis side of the G.A. Then,
the contents are released into the G.A.
 After passing through, these molecules are
modified and completed and then ‘pinched off’
from the other side of the G.A.
 This is how cells secrete molecules such as
enzymes and hormones.

 Tough,
membranous sacs which contain
digestive enzymes.
 Tough,
membranous sacs which contain
digestive enzymes.
 Lysosomes are pinched off from the
‘shipping’ side of the Golgi Ap.
 Tough,
membranous sacs which contain
digestive enzymes.
 Lysosomes are pinched off from the
‘shipping’ side of the Golgi Ap.
 They contain enzymes which are discharged
into food vacuoles in order to digest the
food.
 Tough,
membranous sacs which contain
digestive enzymes.
 Lysosomes are pinched off from the
‘shipping’ side of the Golgi Ap.
 They contain enzymes which are discharged
into food vacuoles in order to digest the
food.
 Help to renew the cell – by breaking down
old worn-out mitochondria and other cells.
 Tail
of a tadpole is dissolved before it turns
into a frog – lysosomes do this.
 Also! We have webbed fingers in the womb,
and lysosomes break down the skin cells so
our fingers are separated.
 Refers
to a membrane bag with no inner
structure. (In general, animal vacuoles are
small, and plant vacuoles are large).
 Refers
to a membrane bag with no inner
structure. (In general, animal vacuoles are
small, and plant vacuoles are large).
 Animal cells – Food is engulfed by vacuoles
and then digested by ___________.
 Refers
to a membrane bag with no inner
structure. (In general, animal vacuoles are
small, and plant vacuoles are large).
 Animal cells – Food is engulfed by vacuoles
and then digested by ___________.
 Plant cells – Vacuoles take up most of the
space and provide a place to store organic
compounds.
 Refers
to a membrane bag with no inner
structure. (In general, animal vacuoles are
small, and plant vacuoles are large).
 Animal cells – Food is engulfed by vacuoles
and then digested by ___________.
 Plant cells – Vacuoles take up most of the
space and provide a place to store organic
compounds. Some store pigments that colour
petals, or store poison as defence.
 Refers
to a membrane bag with no inner
structure. (In general, animal vacuoles are
small, and plant vacuoles are large).
 Animal cells – Food is engulfed by vacuoles
and then digested by ___________.
 Plant cells – Vacuoles take up most of the
space and provide a place to store organic
compounds. Some store pigments that colour
petals, or store poison as defence. Vacuoles
in plants play an important role in keeping
the cells in a turgid (swollen) state.
 Converts
food into energy – ATP.
 Converts
food into energy – ATP.
 Cells which use a large amount of energy
(such as muscle cells and sperm cells) have a
lot of mitochondria.
 Converts
food into energy – ATP.
 Cells which use a large amount of energy
(such as muscle cells and sperm cells) have a
lot of mitochondria.
 Place where aerobic cell respiration occurs –
breaking down glucose/fats to produce CO2,
H20 and energy (ATP)
 Function
is to manufacture glucose in the
photosynthesis process.
 Appear
as a tiny dot next to the nucleus
 Appear
as a tiny dot next to the nucleus
 Each cylindrical structure is made of
microtubules which extend to form spindles
during mitosis – moving the chromosomes
apart.
 Cilia
– small ‘hair like’ protrusions outside
the cell which go in a wave motion which
moves the cell. EG. Unicell (paramecium)
 Cilia
– small ‘hair like’ protrusions outside
the cell which go in a wave motion which
moves the cell. EG. Unicell (paramecium) or
sweeps away debris. EG. Lung cell.
 Flagella – like a tail which moves the cell.
EG. Sperm.