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PART 1 Gen. Stud. Biology Midterm Review
Chapter 1
Steps of the Scientific Method
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Control and Variable / Experimental Groups
1.) a group of subjects without the factor being tested2.) a group of subjects with the factor being tested3.) All other factors (except the variable) in the experiment must be kept ____________.
Ways to Improve Experimental Design
1.)
2.)
3.)
Basic Units of Length, Mass, Volume, and Temperature in the Metric System
___ Length
a. Gram
___ Mass
b. Degrees
___ Volume
c. Meter
___ Temperature
d. Liter
___°C is the freezing point of water.
____°C is the boiling point of water.
Convert between Units within the Metric System
1.) 1000 cl = ___ L
2.) 1 g = ____ cg
3.) 8 kg = ______ g
4.) 9 cl = _____ ml
5.) 5 cm = _____ mm
Hypothesis vs. Theory
A ________________ is a prediction of what you think the outcome of the experiment
will be while a ___________ is a collaboration of accepted, identical conclusions by the
work of many scientists over time (generations).
______________ develop throughout the process of the scientific method, and form
once a ________________ is proven by many scientists.
Characteristics of Living Things
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Further Description of each of the Characteristics of Living Things
1.) What organisms are made of only one cell?
2.) What organisms are made of many cells?
3.) ____________ reproduction is completed with only one parent.
4.) ___________ reproduction is completed with two parents.
5.) __________ is an increase in cell number or size.
6.) __________ is a change as the organism grows.
7.) The process of making energy inside the cell is called _________________
_______________________.
8.) Energy is used for an organism to perform chemical reactions that are known as its
____________________.
9.) What is a metabolism that breaks down compounds into their smaller components?
10.) What is a metabolism that builds up smaller subunits into bigger compounds?
11.) What is the term for eliminating wastes that a cell makes?
12.) List two examples of excretion.
1.)
2.)
13.) An outside stimulus is something an organism reacts to to keep a stable condition
known as _____________________.
14.) List three examples of homeostasis.
1.)
2.)
3.)
15.) What is the genetic code that is made of the same type of molecule for all
organisms?
Types of Microscopes
________________________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses light to view specimen
Uses 2 lenses: ocular and objective lenses to focus and magnify specimen
Used for viewing live or dead thin specimens, can see a single cell
Magnifies up to 1000x
______________________ or _____________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses light to view specimen
Gives a 3-D image
Can be used to view larger live or dead specimens
Not capable of high definition / resolution
____________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses a beam of electrons to view specimen
Capable of high magnifications
Uses electromagnets to magnify and focus image
Can only view dead specimens
What type of electron microscope scans the surface of the specimen and gives a 3-D
image of the whole specimen?
What type of electron microscope sends a beam of electrons through a thin specimen
and gives a 2-D image of internal cell parts?
Microscope Parts
_____ contains a magnifying lens
a. Stage
_____ provides a magnification of 4x, 10x, or 40x
b. Eyepiece / Ocular
_____ maintains the proper distance between
the eyepiece / ocular and the objectives
c. Tube
_____ holds the objectives and can be rotated to
change the magnification
d. Objective
_____ supports the slide being observed
e. Nosepiece
_____ regulates the amount of light passing up
toward the eyepiece
f. Diaphragm
_____ produces light or reflects light up toward
g. Arm
the eyepiece / ocular
____supports the body tube
h. Fine Adjustment
____ supports the microscope
i. Coarse Adjustment
____ moves the body to focus the image
j. Mirror
____ moves the body slightly to focus the image
k. Base
Microscope Use
____ the area that can be seen by the eye / microscope
a. Magnification
____ relates to the level of distinctness or clarity of a
specimen through the microscope
b. Cell Staining
____ the process that can be used to add color to a slide
to better view a specimen
c. Resolution
____ can be calculated by multiplying the power of the
ocular lens by the power of the objective lens being used
d. Focus
____ the ability to separate two objects that are close
together, or distinguish detail
e. Field of View
Chapter 2
Important Properties of Water
1.) A water molecule is _______ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons
between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
2.) What is an attraction between molecules of the same substance?
3.) What is an attraction between molecules of different substances?
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
1.) A ______________ is the substance that is dissolved.
2.) A ________________ is the substance in which the solute dissolves.
Acid, Base / Alkaline Solution, Neutralization, Buffers, and pH Scale
_____ any compound that forms H+ ions in solution;
contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure
water and has a pH value below 7
_____ a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH–
ions) in solution; contains lower concentrations of
H+ ions than pure water and has a pH value above 7
a. Acid
b Base / Alkaline Solution
_____ a measurement system used to indicate
the concentration of H+ ions in solution
c. pH Scale
Four Most Abundant Elements in Living Things
_____________________, ____________________, ______________________ , and
________________ are the four most abundant elements in living things (Hint: HONC).
Inorganic Compounds and Organic Compounds
What type of compound lacks both carbon and hydrogen?
List two examples of this compound.
1.)
2.)
What type of compound contains both carbon and hydrogen?
List one example of this compound.
1.)
Important Properties of Carbon
1.) All organic compounds contain __________.
2.) With the exception of carbon dioxide, most inorganic compounds do not contain
___________.
Four Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things
What are the four groups of organic compounds?
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
Each group has a ______________, which is a small building block or subunit.
_________________ are put together to build the _____________ of the group.
What is the process in which cells link monomers to form polymers?
What is the reverse process in which polymers are broken down to monomers?
Structure and Function of each Group of Compounds of Life
1.) What is the function of carbohydrates?
List two examples of foods with carbohydrates:
1.)
2.)
The two functions of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
Lipids contain two monomers:
1.)
2.)
_____ – liquid at room temperature
_____ – solid at room temperature
What element do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not?
The five functions of proteins are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
List two examples of foods with proteins:
1.)
2.)
What is the function of nucleic acids?
What element is unique to nucleic acids?
Monomers and Polymers of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
What is an example of this monomer?
1.)
What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
The monomers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
The polymers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
What is the monomer of proteins?
How many types of this monomer are there?
What is the polymer of proteins?
*The sequence of ______________ ____________ in the chain will determine the
protein's shape and function.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
The Cell Theory:
Principles of the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Exceptions to the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
Three Basic Structures of Most Cells:
1.) organelles where proteins are made2.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semipermeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)3.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occurProkaryotes and Eukaryotes:
Prokaryote
Membrane-bound
nucleus
Cell organelles
Approximate size
Time of appearance on
the Earth
Organisms it includes
Eukaryote
Ribosomes, Cell
Membrane, and
Cytoplasm (Three
Basic Structures of
Most Cells)
Cell Organelles:
1.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semipermeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)2.) only in plant cells, surrounds and protects the cell, made of cellulose3.) stores genetic information, controls all cell activities7.) found in nucleus, shares genetic information, makes up DNA8.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occur9.) found only in plant cells, stores pigments for the plant cell10.) found only in plant cells, stores starches for the plant cell11.) found only in plant cells, performs the function if photosynthesis12.) produces energy for the cell from food and oxygen through the process of cellular
respiration13.) makes and transports proteins and lipids through the cell14.) makes and transports proteins by ribosomes15.) takes proteins and lipids and modifies, sorts, and packages them before they are
exported from the cell16.) contain digestive enzymes that break down old cell parts and foreign material17.) storage organelles that contain food or water for the cell (very large in plant cells)18.) the fibers that give support to the cell, help in cell movement, made of proteins22.) short, hair-like structures that surround some cells and help in movement-
23.) long, whip-like structure that is found on the outside of some cells and helps in cell
movement
24.) organelle where proteins are madePlant Cells and Animal Cells:
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Cell Wall present?
Chloroplasts present?
Cell Membrane Structure / Diffusion:
Two Major Components of the Cell Membrane:
1.)
2.)
What is the process where molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration?
What is the difference in concentration on either side of a membrane called?
What is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane called?
Diffusion will occur until an _____________________ is reached.
Passive Transport and Active Transport:
1.) requires no energy use by the cell; substances move along a concentration gradient2.) molecules may be moved through a process called3.) examples of this process6.) the movement of material from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater
concentration-
Hypertonic / Hypotonic Solutions, Plant and Animal Cell Examples:
1.) solution that has a higher concentration of solute than a surrounding solution2.) solution that has a lower concentration of solute than a surrounding solution3.) two solutions have the same concentration4.) If an animal cell is placed in fresh water, what will happen?
5.) If a plant cell is placed in fresh water, what will happen?
6.) If an animal cell is placed in salt water, what will happen?
7.) If a plant cell is placed in salt water, what will happen?
Extra Facts:
* (Cell Membrane Structure) is composed of both protein and phospholipids, which
are made up of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads.
Levels of Cell Organization:
Tissues
Muscles
Organs
Organ Systems
Photosynthesis:
Overall reaction for Photosynthesis:
Requirements for Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis requires:
1.) ___________ ___________, which is obtained through openings called
____________ that are located under the leaves
2.) _____________, which provides energy for the reaction
3.) ______________, such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms:
1.) What are organisms that make their own organic compounds (food)?
2.) What organisms that cannot make their own food?
Pigments: Chlorophyll, Carotene, and Xanthophyll
1.) ________________ absorbs red and blue light.
2.) ____________ and ________________ absorb different wavelengths of light.
Light-dependent Reaction:
1
Cellular Respiration:
Reaction for Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation):
Reaction for Aerobic Respiration:
Glycolysis:
What is the process in which a glucose is partially broken down to gain 2 ATP?
Anaerobic Respiration:
1.) What uses alcoholic fermentation?
2.) What is pyruvic acid turned into during alcoholic fermentation?
3.) What uses lactic acid fermentation?
4.) What is pyruvic acid turned into during lactic acid fermentation?
Aerobic Respiration:
1.) Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Steps in which Glucose is completely broken down during
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
First, _____________ occurs and yields 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP. Then, __________
is used to completely break down the __________ acid and make _____ and _____ as
wastes along with ____ more ATP, for a total of _____ ATP.
Comparison between Anaerobic and Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
1.) Which type of cellular respiration is also known as fermentation?
2.) Oxygen is a reactant in which type of cellular respiration?
3.) In which reaction is 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATP the product?
4.) In which reaction is 36 ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O the product?
Cell Growth, Stages of the Cell Cycle / Mitosis
Cell Growth
1.) __Cell______ __________ usually involves an organism making more cells.
2.) The size a cell reaches is limited to the cell’s ______________ _area__ to
__volume_____ ratio. As the cell grows, its ____________ ________ doesn’t grow as
quickly as it __________ does (therefore, its _______________ _area__ to _volume__
ratio ______________(increases or decreases) as it grows in size.
3.) If a cell gets too big, the _____________ area___ of its membrane cannot bring in
____________ and _____________ fast enough to meet the needs of its volume.
4.) What can uncontrolled cell growth result in?
Relating Cell Growth to Cell Division
5.) The phase specifically focused on Cell Growth is the _____ phase.
6.) After the cell grows throughout the G1phase, has its DNA replicated in the ___
phase.
In S phase, the cell prepares for cell ___________ .
Finally, cell division occurs in the ____ phase.
Stages of the Cell Cycle
7.) _____ cells increase in size and synthesize new
proteins and organelles
a. G 2 phase
8.) _____ chromosomes are replicated and the
synthesis of DNA molecules takes place
b. G1 phase
9.) _____ many of the organelles and molecules
required for cell division are produced
c. Interphase
10.) _____ phase that includes G1, S, and G2 phases
d. The Cell Cycle
11.) _____ includes Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
e. S phase
12.) Define Mitosis.
13.) Define Cytokinesis.
Phases of Mitosis
14.) ____ the nuclear envelope breaks down and
a spindle forms between two centrioles;
centrioles separate; chromosomes become
visible
a. Anaphase
15.) ____ the chromosomes align at the equator
of the cell.
b. Telophase
16.) ____ the duplicated chromosomes (called
chromatid) are separated
c. Metaphase
17.) ____ the chromosomes reach the mitotic
poles and the cell begins to pinch in
d. Prophase
Identifying Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
18.) ____________________Two daughter cells are formed.
19.) ____________________ Doubled chromosomes first appear.
20.) ____________________ Replication of genetic material occurs.
21.) ____________________ Chromosomes uncoil.
22.) ____________________ Doubled chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by
the spindle fibers.
23.) ____________________ Cytoplasmic division occurs.
24.) ____________________ Nuclear membrane reappears.
25.) ____________________ Nuclear membrane disappears.
26.) ____________________ Cells appear to be resting, cell growth.
27.) ___________________ Doubled chromosomes line up on the equator.
Additional Identification Practice
28.) ___ structures that hold chromatids together
in double-stranded chromosomes
a. sister chromatid
29.) _c__ keep the chromatids in place during
metaphase; pull the chromatids to the poles
of the cell during anaphase SKIP
b. centrioles
30.) __b_ organelles that play a role in mitotic
cell division but not in plant cells SKIP
c. spindle fibers
31.) ____ one of the two identical copies of
DNA making up a duplicated chromosome;
d. chromosome
32.) ____ mass of genetic material composed of
DNA and protein that condenses
into chromosomes; looks like spaghetti in the nucleus.
f. centromeres
33.) ____ name for X-like structures that are
located within the nucleus, share genetic
information, and made up of condensed DNA.
g. chromatin
Meiosis, Asexual / Sexual Reproduction,
Background Information on Chromosomes
Meiosis
34.) ______________ is a special type of cell division used to make sex cells called
______________.
35.) ______________ is used to give sex cells half the species’ normal chromosome
number.
36.) What types of cells are made using meiosis?
37.) What is a gamete?
38.) How many times does a cell divide during meiosis?
39.) How many cells are made as a result of meiosis?
40.) What happens to the original chromosome number as a result of meiosis?
41.) Describe the daughter cells that are made as a result of meiotic cell division. How
does their genetic information compare with the parent cells’ genetic information?
42.) Describe Prophase I of Meiosis I.
43.) What is synapsis?
44.) What is a tetrad?
45.) In what phase does synapsis occur and tetrads form?
46.) Describe Metaphase I of Meiosis I.
47.) Describe Anaphase I of Meiosis I.
48.) Describe Telophase of Meiosis I.
49.) Which chromosomes are actually divided during meiotic division?
50.) Describe Prophase II of Meiosis II.
51.) Describe Metaphase II of Meiosis II.
52.) Describe Anaphase II of Meiosis II.
53.) Describe Telophase II of Meiosis II.
54.) How many cells are produced as a result of meiotic cell division?
55.) How many chromosomes would be found in a human cell as a result of meiosis?
How does Meiosis result in Sex Cells that have Variety?
Two ways:
56.) ________________ ______________ - a process where homologous
chromosomes will swap chromatid parts during Prophase I.
57.) _____________________ _____________________ - a process where
homologous chromosomes from each parent line up randomly on the metaphase plate
on Meiosis
Comparing Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
58.) List two similarities and two differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
1.) Similarity #1
2.) Similarity #2
3.)Difference #1
4.) Difference #2
How Meiosis is Different in Males and Females
59.) Males- _____( a number) haploid, functioning, ________ cells are created.
60.) Females- _____ ( a number) haploid, functioning eggs and 3 nonfunctioning
_________ ___________ are produced.
61.) Draw a diagram showing these differences.
Males
Females
Asexual Reproduction vs. Sexual Reproduction
62.) Which type of reproduction uses mitosis to create offspring?
63.) Which type of reproduction produces offspring that are similar but not identical to
either parent or each other?
64.) Which type of reproduction uses meiosis to make sex cells called gametes?
65.) Which type of reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent?
66.) Which type of reproduction uses two parents that each contribute genetic
information to the offspring?
67.) Which type of reproduction uses one parent?
68.) Starfish, bacteria, ameba, strawberries, some plants, and yeast are all examples of
which type of reproduction?
69.) Mammals, animals, plants, and fungi are all examples of which type of
reproduction?
Background Information on Chromosomes
*
91.) Human chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. These are known as
_____________________ pairs.
92.) In each pair humans have, ____ of the chromosomes was donated from the mother
and one from the father.
93.) Pairs of chromosomes contain information for the same types of _______.
94.) During __________, homologous chromosomes will be separated and only ____
will be passed to each sex cell that is made.
DNA and RNA
39.) Which scientists are credited with discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
May not be in notes.
DNA Structure
40.) DNA is made of many smaller subunits or monomers called
_____________________.
41.) A nucleotide has three parts:
1.)
2.)
3.)
42.) Name the four nitrogenous bases.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
43.) _________________ and ________________ always pair up.
44.) __________________ and _______________ always pair up.
47.) These subunits are arranged in a twisted ladder called a _____________
__________.
48.) What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together and are they strong or weak
alone?
49.) The _____________ (or ___________) of the bases in all organisms' DNA is what
makes them different from each other.
50.) Label the parts of the DNA model to the
left. Ignore the numbers “3” and “5”.
DNA Replication
51.) ______ _____________________ is the
process by which identical double-stranded
DNA molecules are formed.
52.) Where does the original strand of DNA
"unzip" or break down prior to replication?
53.) __________________ bonds are broken
to "unzip" the original strand.
54.) ____ strands of DNA will be produced as
a result of DNA replication.
55.) What will these ____ strands look like?
What is the name of the enzyme that adds new bases during DNA replication?
DNA Structure and DNA Replication Review
56.) Name the building block (monomer) of a nucleic acid like DNA.
57.) What are the three components of a nucleotide?
1.)
2.)
3.)
58.) Draw the arrangement of the three nucleotide parts as you would find them
connected in a molecule of DNA. Label each part of the nucleotide.
59.) What is the twisted ladder shape of DNA known as?
60.) Which two scientists discovered this structure of DNA?
61.) Name the four types of nitrogen bases found in DNA.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
62.) List the bases that will always match up together in a DNA molecule
__________________ and __________________
__________________ and __________________
65.) What type of bonds hold the nitrogen bases together?
66.) What makes your DNA different than the DNA of the person sitting next to you?
67.) What is DNA replication?
68.) Where does the original strand of DNA "unzip" or break prior to replication?
69.) Which bonds are broken to "unzip" the original strand?
70.) How many strands of DNA will be produced as a result of DNA replication?
71.) What will these strands look like? (similar, different, etc.)
Protein Synthesis
72.) DNA tells our cells how to put _______________ together.
73.) Proteins have specific ______________ for specific ________________.
74.) Proteins are made from long chains of ______ types of amino acids.
75.) Different proteins exist because amino acids are assembled in different
__________________.
Steps of Protein Synthesis
76.) ______________________- is the process that occurs in the nucleus, the DNA
code is "copied" onto a molecule of mRNA.
mRNA is made by matching up ______ pairs from DNA with RNA. RNA contains
____________ (___) instead of thymine (T).
77.) After transcription the _______ leaves the nucleus and moves to the
___________________.
78.) ______________________- is the process where the ribosome reads the mRNA .
The mRNA is read in 3 base sequences called ____________.
79.) Specific amino acid are added together to make a protein _________.
A _____RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome.
They are matched up to the correct codon using a 3-base sequence called an
________________________.
End Result
80.) Different polupeptide or _____________ chains can be made from different
__________ _________ sequences. These proteins will have different
______________ and functions.
Protein Synthesis Review
81.) The four bases in DNA code for assembling ____________ in the ribosomes.
82.) The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are __________ ________.
83.) There are _____ types of amino acids the cell can use to make a protein chain.
84). The first step of protein synthesis occurs in the ___________. The DNA code is
copied by matching up base pairs onto a messenger molecule called
___________________ ______ (_________).
85.) This is the first step of protein synthesis and is known as
_____________________.
86.) Where does the messenger RNA travel to after leaving the nucleus?
87.) What process occurs in the ribosomes where the messenger RNA is decoded or
read? ______________________
88.) Each set of 3 bases on the mRNA is known as a _________.
89.) A molecule of transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes and adds the
correct amino acid by matching up the anti-codon with the________ on the mRNA.
90.) What type of chain is produced when the process of translation is complete?
91.) Explain how it is possible for different types of protein chains made in your body to
have different functions.
92.) Name three differences between two types of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA.
1.)
2.)
3.)
DNA codon
mRNA codon
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino Acid
AAA
GTC
GGA
Methionine / "Initiator"
GAT
GUG
For the above table, use the circular mRNA codon chart from your notes or the book to
fill in the table above.
Mutations
94.) ________________ are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic
information.
95.) _______ mutations result from changes in a ________ gene.
96.) __________________ mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
97.) Mutations that affect one nucleotide are called _______ _______________
because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Introduction to Genetics
Mendel's study of Heredity in Pea Plants
p= white
P= Purple
pp x PP
Possible Gametes:
____ , ____ and ____ , _____
Give the genotype ratio of the offspring:
phenotype ratios:
Pp x Pp
Possible Gametes:
___ , ___ and ___ , ___
4.) What is the genotype ratio?
5.) What is the phenotype ratio?
Mendel's Conclusions, Basic Vocabulary
6.) A DNA sequence coding for a trait is called a ________.
7.) ________- different forms of a gene
8.) All organisms have two __________ for each trait, one __________ from each
parent.
9.) __________________ condition- organisms that have two identical alleles for a
particular trait
10.) ____________________ condition- organisms that have two different alleles for the
same trait.
11.) _______________- genetic makeup
12.) _______________ - physical characteristics
14.) _________________ allele- will always show when present in an organism.
15.) _______________ allele- will have that form only when the _______________
allele is not present .
Basic Punnett Square Problems (One-Factor Crosses)
17.) Nn x NN
Genotype ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
18.) Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods. Yellow is dominant to
green.
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
19.) Cross a plant that is heterozygous for smooth pods with a plant that has constricted
pods. Smooth is dominant to constricted.
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Two-Factor (two trait) Crosses
22.) Crosses that involve two traits, such as pod color and pod shape, are called _______________ crosses.
Background Information:
In mice, the ability to run normally is a dominant trait. Mice with this trait are called
running mice (R). The recessive trait causes mice to run circle only. Mice with this trait
are called waltzing mice (r). Hair color is also inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is
dominant over brown hair (b).
23.) Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with a homozygous
running, homozygous black mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
24.) Cross a waltzing brown mouse with a waltzing brown mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
25.) Cross a homozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with a waltzing brown
mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
26.) Cross a heterozygous running, brown mouse with a heterozygous running,
homozygous black mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
Conclusion:
32.) Mendel found that traits were NOT linked and alleles assort ___________ of one
another during gamete formation. This demonstrates the Law of _______________
_______________.
33.) Independent assortment holds true, providing the genes for those traits are on
___________ chromosomes.
34.) The exception is that two genes for separate traits on the ______ chromosomes
are passed ____________ / ________.
Different forms of Inheritance (other than dominant recessive)
35.) _____________ ____________- one allele is not completely dominant over
another; heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous
phenotypes
36.) Example: Snapdragons and Carnations (both flowers) - in both cases, red is
______________ __________ over white. An intermediate _____ phenotype will be
seen in the heterozygous condition.
RR = red
rr = white
Rr = pink
Red parent x white parent
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Another exception:
________________- both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Red cow x white cow
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Chapter 14: The Human Genome
Blood Types
40.) In humans, blood types show __________ _________ and ______________.
41.) There are three alleles for human blood types: two are_____________, one is
__________. IA and IB are __________ to i, which is _____________.
43.) Cross an individual who is heterozygous for type B with an individual who is type O.
What are the chances of having an offspring who is blood type O?
44.) Cross a heterozygous type A with a heterozygous type B. List possible phenotypes
of offspring and their ratios.
79.) Normal human cells should have 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of
_______________ (non-____ chromosomes).
81.) The environment can affect the way genes are ___________. In other words, the
environment does play a role in gene expression. An example of this is how two twins
having the same genetic make-up and also the same features live in different
environments, which results in remarkable differences (such as obvious height
differences due to good nutrition or lack thereof / malnutrition) between the two siblings.