Download AP Bio A final exam study guide

AP Biology – Trimester A Study Guide
Name
Hour
Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules relating this property to interactions with
water molecules (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic). Give examples.
List functional groups commonly found in biologically significant molecules. Identify macromolecules
that typically contain each functional group.

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Amino

Phosphate

Sulfhydryl
Distinguish between carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Include structure, function, and
examples of each.

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
Identify the factors which determine the final 3 dimensional shape of a protein (4 structural levels).
Discuss external factors which affect the shape, polarity, and flexibility of proteins

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Identify organelles associated with eukaryotic cells. Describe the structure and function of each.

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Transport vesicles

Golgi complex

Secretory vesicles
Identify organelles associated with eukaryotic cells. Describe the structure and function of each.

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Centrioles
Discuss the endosymbiont hypothesis and identify organelles believed to originate from an ancient
endosymbiosis
Describe the several methods by which materials cross the plasma membrane (diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis)

Simple diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion
Describe the several methods by which materials cross the plasma membrane (diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis)

Active Transport

Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Summarize the laws of thermodynamics and comment on their biological significance
Discuss the induced fit theory of enzyme activity. Include the role of cofactors, coenzymes, allosteric
activators and inhibitors
Summarize the biochemical pathways of cellular respiration (glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron
transport chain). Include their locations and how the pathways interact with each other

Glycolysis

Oxidation of Pyruvate

Krebs (Citric acid) Cycle

Electron Transport Chain