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Transcript
I. Cell Notes Cells and Cell Theory a. Cell- the smallest unit that can perform all life processes. i. All are surrounded by a membrane ii. Have DNA iii. Have cytoplasm b. Robert Hooke (1665) i. First person to describe cells under a microscope ii. Described “little boxes” when he looked at cork. iii. Also looked at living plants and saw that some cells were filled with “juice” iv. What do you think the “juice” was? c. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) i. Made his own microscopes ii. Looked at various living things, like pond scum, blood cells, bacteria and yeast d. Cell Theory i. Consists of 3 main statements about ALL living things. 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of living things. 3. All cells come from existing cells. e. Cell size i. Most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye ii. Some cells, like the yolk of a chicken egg or the nerve cells of a giant squid, can be very large. II. III. Parts of a cell a. All cells have the following parts i. Cell Membrane- a protective layer that covers the cells surface and acts as a barrier ii. Cytoplasm- the fluid contained inside the cell iii. Organelles- structures that perform certain functions within the cell 1. Examples- nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts iv. Genetic Material 1. in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 2. Carries information to make new cells and new organisms. 3. In some cells, the DNA is found in the nucleus (an organelle) Two kinds of cells a. Prokaryotes i. Single celled ii. No nucleus iii. No organelles iv. 2 groups of animals are prokaryotes- bacteria and Archaea (group of animals that live in extreme environments like volcanic vents or in swamps) b. Eukaryotes i. Cells have a nucleus ii. Cells have organelles iii. Many, but not all, eukaryotes are multicellular. iv. Examples; Animals, plants, protists, fungi, algae, etc. v. Yeast are single celled eukaryotes IV. Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell a. Cell Wall- In a plant cell, this rigid structure surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. b. Cell Membrane- A phospholipid layer that covers a cells surface, acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment c. Cytoskeleton- web of proteins inside the cytoplasm, which acts as both a muscle and a skeleton d. Nucleus- in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and has a role in the processes such as growth, metabolism and reproduction e. Ribosomes- Organelles that make proteins i. Proteins are made of amino acids ii. Amino Acids- any of about 20 different organic molecules that are used to make proteins f. Endoplasmic Reticulum- System of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are made. Part of the internal delivery system of the cell. i. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Part of the ER covered in ribosomes, delivers proteins that the ribosomes make. g. h. i. j. k. l. V. ii. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Part of the ER not covered in ribosomes, makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials Mitochondria- Main power source of the cell, organelle where sugar is broken down to make energy i. Energy is stored in ATP ii. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - storage place for energy released by the mitochondria- can be used to do work. Chloroplasts- Organelles in plants and algae in which photosynthesis takes place. i. Chloroplasts are necessary for photosynthesis. ii. Photosynthesis = sunlight + carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen iii. Chloroplasts are green due to a green pigment they contain called chlorophyll. iv. Chlorophyll traps the energy of sunlight. Golgi Complex- Organelle that packages and distributes proteins Vesicle- a small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell. Lysosome- Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste materials and protect the cell. Vacuoles- Organelle that stores water and other materials Organization of living things a. Cells work together to form tissues i. Example; Cardiac muscle tissue ii. Four types 1. nerve tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue and protective tissue b. Tissues work together to form organs i. Example; lungs, stomach, etc. c. Organs work together to form organ systems i. Example; digestive system, endocrine system