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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
HONORS A&P
LEMON BAY HIGH SCHOOL
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
IMMUNITY:
• “FREE FROM BURDEN”
• ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO RECOGNIZE AND DEFEND
ITSELF AGAINST SPECIFIC PATHOGENS OR ANTIGENS.
IMMUNE RESPONSE:
• THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
• INVOLVES PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
• GENERATION OF SPECIALIZED LYMPHOCYTES AGAINST
SPECIFIC ANTIGENS.
ANTIGEN:
• MOLECULES FROM A PATHOGEN OR FOREIGN ORGANISM
THAT PROVOKE A SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE.
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS THE THIRD
LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION
T - Lymphocyte
activation
B - Lymphocyte activation
and Production of
antibodies
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN IMMUNITY
CLASSIFICATION OF
ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES
•NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL
• HOW WAS IMMUNE RESPONSE GAINED?
•CELL-MEDIATED OR HUMORAL
• HOW IS THE BODY REACTING?
NATURAL VS. ARTIFICIAL
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
NATURAL: GAINED IN THE COURSE OF DAILY
LIFE
NATURAL ACTIVE
• ANTIGENS/PATHOGENS
ENTER THE BODY.
• BODY GENERATES AN
IMMUNE RESPONSE.
• CAN BE LIFELONG
(CHICKENPOX) OR
TEMPORARY
INFLUENZA).
NATURAL PASSIVE
• ANTIBODIES PASS FROM
OTHER TO FETUS
(PLACENTA) OR MOTHER
TO BABY (BREAST MILK).
• NOT RESPONDING TO
ANTIGENS.
• TEMPORARY ~ 8 WEEKS.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
ARTIFICIAL: GAINED THROUGH VACCINATION
OR IMMUNE SERUM.
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE
• ANTIGENS INTRODUCED • PREFORMED ANTIBODIES
THROUGH VACCINATION. (ANTISERUM)
INTRODUCED BY
• BODY GENERATES AN
INJECTION.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO
THE ANTIGEN.
• CAN BE LIFELONG
(POLIO) OR TEMPORARY
(TETANUS).
• HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM
DOES NOT RESPOND TO
ANTIBODIES.
• TEMPORARY ~ 3 WEEKS
CELL-MEDIATED VS.
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (HUMORAL) IMMUNITY
• INVOLVES PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST
FOREIGN ANTIGENS.
• ANTIBODIES ARE A CLASS OF PROTEINS
PRODUCED BY B-CELL LYMPHOCYTES.
• ANTIBODIES ARE FOUND IN EXTRACELLULAR
FLUIDS (BLOOD PLASMA, LYMPH, MUCUS, ETC.)
AND ON THE SURFACE OF B CELLS.
• DEFENSE AGAINST BACTERIA, BACTERIAL TOXINS,
AND VIRUSES THAT CIRCULATE FREELY IN BODY
FLUIDS, BEFORE THEY ENTER CELLS.
• ALSO CAUSE CERTAIN REACTIONS AGAINST
TRANSPLANTED TISSUE.
ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS THAT RECOGNIZE
SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
ANTIBODIES
ARE
PRODUCED BY
B-CELL
LYMPHOCYTES
T-CELL
LYMPHOCYTES
ARE
PRODUCED IN
THE THYMUS
GLAND EARLY
IN LIFE.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• INVOLVES T-CELLS LYMPHOCYTES THAT
RECOGNIZE FOREIGN ANTIGENS.
• T-CELLS REGULATE PROLIFERATION AND
ACTIVITY OF OTHER CELLS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM.
• DEFENSE AGAINST:
• BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THAT ARE INSIDE
HOST CELLS AND ARE INACCESSIBLE TO
ANTIBODIES.
• FUNGI, PROTOZOA, AND WORMS
• CANCER CELLS
ANTIGEN- ANTIBODY REACTIONS
CONSEQUENCES OF
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX: FORMED WHEN
AN ANTIBODY BINDS TO AN ANTIGEN IT
RECOGNIZES.
1. AGGLUTINATION: ANTIBODIES CAUSE ANTIGENS
(MICROBES) TO CLUMP TOGETHER.
• EXAMPLE: HEMAGGLUTINATION: AGGLUTINATION OF
RED BLOOD CELLS.
2. OPSONIZATION: ANTIGEN (MICROBE) IS
COVERED WITH ANTIBODIES THAT ENHANCES ITS
INGESTION AND LYSIS BY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS.
OVERVIEW OF
THE IMMUNE
RESPONSE