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By-pass Protein & Fat for Ruminant Production Pankaj Kumar Singh Ph.D Scholar (Animal Nutrition) Id. No. 45797 1 Outline of Presentation • Importance and Metabolism of dietary protein and fat in ruminants' diet • Necessity of rumen bypass protein and fat • Methods of production of bypass fat and protein • Supplementation of bypass protein and fat • Impact of bypass protein and fat on livestock production 2 Feed Factor & Animal Production • Balanced diet Genetic potential • 70% of total production cost • Protein & Energy ~ Costly • Strategic feeding management ~ Bypass nutrients • Sustainable Dairy Production 3 Protected Nutrients • Bypass Protein • Bypass Fat • Chelated Minerals 4 Feed Additives Fat Bypass Protein Supplement Minerals and Vitamins Grains Byproducts Rumen Degradable Protein High Quality Forages (Rick Lundquist, 1995) 5 Types of digestive systems • Ruminant Monogastric • Multicompartment stomach. • Simple stomach Hind gut fermentor Simple stomach, but very large and complex large intestine. 6 PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANT RUMEN Dietary Protein SMALL INTESTINE 7 Ruminants~ Microbial protein synthesis Essential amino acids synthesized Microbial protein is not sufficient during: Rapid growth & High milk production~ Methionine Additional exogenous amino acid supply to the duodenum (example, by feeding by-pass protein) 8 Dietary protein Rumen microbes Microbial Protein Inefficient for rapid growth & High milk production Provide source of protein that escapes rumen fermentation “BYPASS PROTEIN” Rumen Undegradable Protein Rumen Protected Protein Rumen Escape Protein 9 Defining Bypass Protein Escape digestion in rumen Passes intact to the lower digestive tract Digested and absorbed in lower GIT Provides dietary protein and amino acid directly to the animal. Higher quality Improve Performance of Livestock 10 Method of Protein Protection Oesophageal groove closure Post Ruminal Infusion Heat Treatment Formaldehyde treatment Protection of Amino acids Use of Amino Acid Analogues Use of encapsulated amino acid 11 Method of Protein Protection I. Esophageal Groove Closure Extension of the oesophagus from cardia to reticulo -omasal orifice Oesophagus groove closure~ Conditional reflex Stimulated by act of sucking or drinking Can occur in adult animals Use of copper sulphate Liquid to pass directly through esophageal groove into the abomasum 12 Method of Protein Protection II. Post ruminal infusion: Protein or amino acids directly in duodenum or abomasum Post ruminal infusion of casein or S-containing amino acids Casein (as a source of protein) infused in abomasum Milk yield 20 kg Casein (g/day) Increase in milk yield (%) 200 18 400 25 600 29 (Whitelaw et. al., 1985) 13 Method of Protein Protection III. Heat treatment: Dry heating at more than 100°C at various exposure time 150°C for 2 hrs ~GNC (Senger, 1998) 100°C for 30 Sec ~ Soyabean (Walli and Sirohi, 2004) * Traditional Boiling of crushed maize & wheat Protein is protected Inactivation of enzymes and inhibiting factors Improvement of the nutritive value of the feeds Improvement in the animal performance. Drawback: Excessive heat ~ Mailard reaction 14 Method of Protein Protection IV. Binding with tannin: Tannin naturally occuring phenolic compound Two types: Hydrolysable & Condensed Tannin Tannin- protein complex~ not degraded in the rumen Degraded in small intestine Hydrolysable tannin used @ 2-4% Sorghum ~ natural protection 15 Method of Protein Protection V. Formaldehyde treatment • Formaldehyde @ 1.0–1.2 g per 100 g of cake protein is sprayed on cake in a closed chamber • Sealed in plastic bags for 4 days • Formalin gets adsorbed on the cake particles • Reversible and pH dependent protection of proteins against proteolytic enzymes • In the acidic pH (abomasum), bonds are loosened • Proteins ~ free for digestion 16 Protect essential amino acids ~ available for tissue protein synthesis Formaldehyde is degraded to CO2and H2O in the liver Milk safe for human consumption As no trace of formalin detected in milk Check the growth of moulds~ less aflatoxins storage Reduces glucosinolate of mustard cake. 17 Parameters Buffalo Calves Average daily body weight gain (g) Average DM intake (Kg/day) DM intake (kg/kg gain) Cost of feeding per kg live wt gain (Rs.) Lactating buffalo Milk Yield (kg /day) Fat yield (kg/d) SNF yield (kg/d) Untreated MOC Treated MOC 386.00 3.28 8.68 31.32 600.00 3.59 5.93 22.42 5.98 383.63 553.7 6.65 452.00 616.20 (Chatterjee and Walli, 2003) 18 HIGH BYPASS PROTEIN SOURCES High bypass protein. High in essential amino acids High in Vitamins-B. Low availability High price Excess oil ~ rancidity. Inadequate drying may allow molding 19 High in available lysine High in methionine High cost of drying Expensive source of bypass protein Palatability problems 20 High amounts of phosphorus and fat Limitations The value of protein in meat meal depends on Amount of heat applied in drying Amount of bone and hair contamination. 21 High protein Low lysine and methionine High fibre Cheaper locally High protein Low lysine & methionine High fibre Cheaper locally Laxative nature. 22 Soybean seed meal Safflower seed meal Sunflower seed meal Rape seed (Canola) seed meal 23 Feed Blood meal Fish meal Bajra Soybeans, roasted Maize (grain) Wet brewers grain Rice straw Meat & bone meal Corn gluten meal Brewer’s dried Para grass Sorghum Subabul Cottonseed hulls Rice bran Wheat straw RUP (%) 80 70 68 65 65 64 63 55 55 53 52 52 51 50 49 45 Feed Soybean hulls Berseem Wheat grain Linseed meal Cotton seed meal Soybean meal Cowpea Alfa-Alfa hay Groundnut meal Corn silage Rapeseed meal Barley DORB Sunflower meal Oat grain Urea RUP (%) 42 37 36 35 35 35 32 30 30 30 28 27 25 24 20 024 When to Feed Rumen bypass protein More beneficial when the animal's requirement for protein is not met through microbial protein In early lactation period of high yielders (15 kg/day) In rapidly growing (1 kg/day) calves Animals thriving on poor quality roughages Stressed animals 25 Specification for Bypass Protein Feed CHARACTERISTICS Moisture ,% by mass , Max. CP(N×6.25),% by mass , Min. EE, % by mass, Min. CF,% by mass, Max. AIA,% by mass, Max. UDP,% by mass, Min. RDP,% by mass, Max. %, DM basis 10 30 3.5 8.0 2.5 20 9 Source: NDDB,Anand 26 Reduces dietary amino acid loss as ammonia and urea Conserve energy through less urea synthesis in rumen Increases availability of amino acids supply Efficient protein synthesis Increases growth rate by 25-30% (Chatterjee & Walli, 2003) Early age at first calving Increases milk yield about 10% (Walli and Sirohi, 2004) Improve reproductive efficiency 27 Rumen Protected Fat 28 USE OF DIETARY FAT IN DAIRY ANIMALS High density energy source (2.25 X carbohydrate) Prevent negative energy balance during early lactation Helpful in “Energy challenged” phase Poor productivity and reproductive performance Prevent Acidosis and Laminitis Incorporation of fatty acid into milk fat Lowering heat production Prevents dustiness of feed 29 Role of fat in controlling acidosis Reduce acidosis - formulation of balanced rations Excess Dietary Carbohydrate Dietary fats Acidotic rumen Ideal rumen Starch bacteria Fibre bacteria Fatty acid profile is a key factor determining the nutritional value of a fat Rumen-active oil Fish oil, vegetable oil, high-oil ingredients • Kills rumen bacteria • Reduces fibre digestion • Produces trans fatty acids – milk fat depression LIMITATION OF HIGH FAT IN FEEDS? Avg. dairy animal can digest 5-7% of fat in diet (Palmquist, 1992) Fat in Dairy Ration should be 3% fat maximum 6-7% DM (NRC, 2001) Excess Dietary (rumen active) Fat: Lower interstinal absorption of fat at high intake Depress dry matter intake Decrease fiber digestion: Coating of fibrous portion of diet with lipids Modification in cellulose degrading bacteria Toxic to cellulolytic bacteria Reduction in availability of essential minerals Formation of complexes with mineral- FA complex 32 RUMEN BYPASS FAT High M.P. Insoluble at rumen temp. No harmful effect on rumen fermentation 33 TYPES OF RUMEN PROTECTED FAT Rumen Protected Fat Conventional Fat Hydrogenated Fat or Tallow Stable Rumen Fat Calcium Salt of Fatty Acid 34 Methods of Fat Protection 1.Natural Dietary Rumen Protected Fat: Oils seed ~ Natural protection due to hard outer seed cover (eg. Cottonseed and full fat soya) 2. Hydrogination of fat 3. Formaldehyde treatment of oil seeds 4. Calcium salt of long chain fatty acids 5. Fusion Method 35 Methods of Fat Protection 2. Crystalline/ Prilled Fatty acids (eg.Tallow): Made from saturated fat or hydrogenated fatty acids Due to high melting point, solid at room to rumen temp. (39 ºC) and melts at above 50 ºC Remain inert in rumen Digestible in small intestine Drawback: Less digestible~ high proportion of saturated fatty acids 36 Methods of Fat Protection 3. Formaldehyde treatment of oil seeds: Crushed oilseeds are treated with foamaldehyde (1.2 g per 100 g protein) in plastic bags or silo for a week Internal FA content of oilseeds is protected from Lipolysis Biohydrogination •Drawback: Inconsistent result due to physical breakdown of the treated oil seeds during mastication by the animals 37 Methods of Fat Protection 4. Fusion Method: Fatty acids heated with Ca (OH)2 in the presence of catalyst Product is a hard mass of calcium saponified salts Indigenous Method (Naik, 2013): 4 kg rice bran oil is heated in aluminium vessel Add 1.6 kg calcium hydroxide dissolved in 10 litre of water Boil for 30 minute without cover Filter through cloth Sun dried Product contains 70-75% fat, 7-8% Ca, 80-85% rumen protected fat. 38 Properties of Ca soap • Ca-Soap is inert, if pH remains more than 5.5 • In acidic pH of abomasum, Ca-soap dissociated & then absorbed efficiently from small intestine Limitations: Pungent Soapy taste – poor palatability Not completely Rumen inert Rumen pH 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 % dissociated 90 76 50 24 9.1 3.1 % Bypass 10 24 50 76 90.1 96.9 39 Feeding of By-pass fat Commercial Preparations: o Dairylac o Magnapac o Megalac Feeding systems and rates Dose rate 0.4 to 0.8kg/cow/day in the post-calving ration Gradual incorporation into the ration over a few days 40 Rumen-protected fat – filling the energy gap Bodyweight THE ‘ENERGY GAP’ Dry matter intake Milk Yield Calving Months after Calving Calving Effects bypass fat on egg quality Higher bypass fat diets produce more viable oocytes Benefits of Feeding By-pass Fat Dairy cows have an essential need for fat Increase energy density Formulate more-balanced rations Increase milk yield and milk quality Reduced risk of ketosis and fatty liver syndrome Improves digestive performance Minimize body wt. loss after calving Improve BCS Improve reproductive efficiency Dietary protein and fat are essential and costly nutrients of ration of livestock. These nutrients should be protected from degradation in the rumen to meet the high nutritional demand of high producing ruminants. Thus, rumen bypass protein and rumen bypass fat are essential to increase/ optimize the productivity of ruminants. 44 Thank You 45 REFERENCES Skaar,T.C.R.R.Grummer,M.R.Dentine,andR.H.Stauffacher.(1980).Seaso ns effects on prepartum and postpartum fat and niacin feeding on lactating performance and lipid metabolism.J.Dairy Sci.,72:2028. Huber.J.T.,G.Higginbotham,R.A GomezAlarcon,R.B.Taylor,K.H.Chen,S.C.Chan,andZ.Wu(1994).Heat stress interactions with protein,supplementalfat,and fungal cultures.J.Dairy Sci.,77:2080-2090. Huber.J.T.,G.Higginbotham,R.A GomezAlarcon,R.B.Taylor,K.H.Chen,S.C.Chan,andZ.Wu(1994).Heat stress interactions with protein,supplementalfat,and fungal cultures.J.Dairy Sci.,77:2080-2090. Skaar,T.C.R.R.Grummer,M.R.Dentine,andR.H.Stauffacher.(1980).Seaso ns effects on prepartum and postpartum fat and niacin feeding on lactating performance and lipid metabolism.J.Dairy Sci.,72:2028. REFERENCES Henderson(1973).JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Jenkins(T.C.91993).LIPID METABOLISM IN THE RUMEN.J.DAIRY SCIENCE Zahra,L.C.,Duffield,T.F.,Lesilie,K.E.,Overton,T.R.,Putnam,D.andLeBlane,S.J .(2006).Effects of rumen protected choline and monensin on milk production and metabolism of peri-parturient dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,89:4808-4818. Pinnoti,L.,Campagnoli,A.,Sangalli,L.,Rebucci,R.,dell’Orto,V.andBaldi,A.(200 4).Metabolism in periparturient dairy cows fed rumen protected choline. Journal of Animal Science,13(1):551-554. Knight,C.H.&Wilde,C.J.(1993).Mammary cell changes during pregnancy and lactation.Livestock Production Science,35:3-19 Niango,A.J.,H.E.Amos.M.A.Froetschel,andC.M.Keery(1991).Dietary fat.proteindegradability,and calving season:effects on nutrient use and performance of early lactation cows.J.Dairy Sci.,74:2243-2255. Palmquist,D.L.,andT.C,Jenkins(1980).Fat in lactation ratuons. A review,J.Dairy Sci.,71:3302.