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DNA, RNA and Protein A. The Structure of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 1. DNA is double stranded and in the shape of a double helix. 2. The monomers of DNA are called nucleotides: made of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogen base Phosphate group Nitrogen Base Deoxyribose Sugar 3. There are four types of DNA bases and they pair specifically: Adenine Thymine with Guanine with Cytosine DNA Looks Like a Ladder The alternating sugar and phosphates form the sides of a ladder and the nitrogen bases form the rungs. The Two sides of the ladder are held together with hydrogen bonds 4. If the sequence of one strand is known, the other strand is known A T C G G C T A T C G A T A G C C G A T AG C T DNA Works as a Code 1. Codon- a three nucleotide sequence that codes for a single amino acid 2. With 4 different types of nucleotides in triplet codes, 64 combinations are possible a) 61 of the codons code for 20 amino acids b) 3 codons signal a stop- Identifies the end of a protein 3. The genetic code is exact. If a sequence of DNA is known, the resulting amino acid chain (protein) is known Amino Acid DNA codons Serine TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, AGC ATT, ATC, ATA Tyrosine TAT, TAC Leucine CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG, TTA, TTG Tryptophan TGG Valine GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG Glutamine CAA, CAG Phenylalan ine TTT, TTC Asparagine AAT, AAC Methionine ATG Histidine CAT, CAC Cysteine TGT, TGC Glutamic acid GAA, GAG GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG Aspartic acid GAT, GAC Isoleucine Alanine Glycine Proline Threonine GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG Lysine AAA, AAG CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG Arginine CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG Stop codons TAA, TAG, TGA DNA Replication C. DNA Replication 1. The structure of DNA explains how it replicates a) DNA “unzips” down the middle b) Free floating nucleotides pair up with both sides of the DNA molecule A T C G A T A G C T Original AT TA CG GC AT A T C G A T A G C T AT TA CG GC AT Exactly Copied DNA Strands DNA Replication 2. This process produces two exact DNA molecules (Chromosomes) that are the same 3. DNA never leaves the nucleus If DNA never leaves the nucleus, how can the DNA message get to the site of protein production, the ribosome? Answer: The DNA message is copied to RNA during the process of Transcription How do RNA and DNA differ? D. The Structure of RNA 1. RNA is single stranded 2. The sugar in RNA is Ribose, not deoxyribose as in DNA 3. The DNA nucleotide thymine is replaced by the RNA nucleotide Uracil E. RNA’s Functions: Two Types, Two Jobs 1. m-RNA (messenger RNA) delivers the copied DNA from the nucleus to the Ribosome- the site of protein synthesis 2. t-RNA (transfer RNA) picks up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and delivers them to the ribosome F. Steps in Protein Synthesis 1. DNA molecule unzip where the desired gene is located 2. Free floating RNA nucleotides pair with the DNA strand forming m-RNA (Transcription) 3. The m-RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome 4. A specific t-RNA delivers a specific amino acid to the ribosome (Translation) 5. The m-RNA codon matches with the t-RNA anticodon 6. bringing the amino acid into its proper place When the next amino acid is in place, the two are joined in a condensation reaction 7. The process is repeated until a stop code is read and a complete protein is formed G. Mutation- change in the genetic code 1. Gene Mutation or Point Mutation- a nucleotide base is added, subtracted or changed to produce a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein Genetic Code with RNA Codons A change in a single base in the DNA strand will result in a change in the m-RNA strand and the resulting protein Normal Hemoglobin DNA RNA GGA CTC CTC CCU GAG GAG 5 Amino Acids 6 7 Proline Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Sickle Cell Hemoglobin GGA CAC CTC CCU GUG GAG Proline Valine Glutamic Acid 2. Chromosome Mutationinvolves a change in many genes a) Deletion- part of a chromosome is lost b) Inversion- part of a chromosome is flipped around c) Translocation- part of a chromosome is added to another chromosome 3. Somatic & Germ Mutations a) Somatic mutations: change that occurs in body cells. Affects only the individual. Ie. cancer b) Germ Mutations- changed in the genetic code of gametes that will affect the individuals offspring 4. Mutagens- substances capable of causing damage to DNA 5. Most mutations are harmful 6. Frame Shift Mutations A) An insertion or deletion that results in the reading frame being shifted. B) All codons following the mutation will be changed. C) Example: THE RED DOG ATE THE CAT HER EDD OGA TET HEC AT